基于碳同位素组成的大气NMHCs光化学寿命研究

利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪测定了兰州市冬季和夏季昼夜大气非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的稳定碳同位素组成.结果表明,兰州市冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值为-30.5‰～-24.3‰,夏季为-31.9‰～-24.2%,受燃煤烟气排放的影响,冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值明显大于夏季;冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值夜晚大于白天,夏季不同时间点C4、C5化合物的同位素值相差不大,正己烷和正庚烷的δ13C值白天比夜晚要高.利用\"碳氢化合物同位素时钟\"计算出正己烷和1-丁烯在兰州市夏季大气中的平均光化学寿命分别约为6d和25min.     

塔里木河上游绿洲土壤表层盐分特征及其影响因子分析

选择塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区,以农田、新开农田、撂荒地、人工林、天然林、盐碱地及荒草地等不同土地利用类型的样地土壤为研究对象,结合通径分析,研究了土壤中w(全盐)与盐源分布、盐分化学特性、土壤理化特性、地下水等影响因子的分布规律及相互关系. 结果表明,该区域盐分表聚特征明显,土壤表土层w(全盐)远大于心土层和底土层,各土地利用类型表土层w(全盐)表现为盐碱地最高(平均值为52.93g/kg),盐碱地>天然林>人工林>荒草地>撂荒地>农田>新开农田. 由通径分析结果可知,S_20-50〔心土层w(全盐)〕、SAR(钠吸附比)、SDR(钠钙镁比)、D_g(地下水埋深)、c(Cl-)/c(SO₄2-)、c(HCO₃-)、pH、ρ(土壤容重)、S_50-80〔底土层w(全盐)〕、SSP(可溶性钠百分率)对表土层w(全盐)的直接通径系数依次为0.415、0.414、-0.344、-0.201、0.200、0.162、0.092、-0.086、0.080、0.071. 土壤盐源分布和土壤盐分化学特性对表土层w(全盐)影响较大,其次是D_g,土壤理化特性对表土层w(全盐)影响相对较小. 反映盐源分布的S_20-50和反映土壤盐分化学特性的SAR是表土层w(全盐)的主要控制因子.      

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

广东省森林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量及影响因素

植被和土壤组成的差异将影响土壤微生物的组成及动态,土壤微生物的动态变化将体现在微生物产物上。球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)被认为是唯一来源于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)的糖蛋白,是土壤碳库的稳定组分,可用于指示AMF对土壤碳固持的影响。鉴于已有GRSP相关研究多集中在样点尺度,缺乏区域水平的研究这一事实,该研究选择广东省164个代表性森林样地为研究对象,通过测定表层(0-10 cm)土壤GRSP含量、土壤理化性质,旨在了解广东省森林土壤中GRSP水平及其对土壤有机碳固持的贡献。结合土壤理化性质、植被特征探讨区域范围内GRSP的影响因素。结果表明,(1)广东省森林土壤表层土(0-10 cm)中总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(total GRSP,T-GRSP)质量分数为(3.26±0.11) g?kg-1,易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(easily extractable GRSP,EE-GRSP)质量分数为(1.11±0.03) g?kg-1,植被起源和植被类型对GRSP含量的影响不显著,GRSP在地带性土壤中呈现黄壤>红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤的显著变化趋势。(2)针叶林GRSP的平均水平高于常绿阔叶林,这一趋势与3种植被类型下灌木草本层生物量的趋势一致。(3)GRSP与土壤有机碳含量、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,GRSP含量随土壤细颗粒(粒径<50μm)含量的增加而增加。广东省森林土壤GRSP对土壤有机碳的绝对贡献率为2.3%,GRSP能够与土壤细颗粒结合促进土壤团聚体的形成,并提高土壤保水性能和肥力。     

Analysis of herbicide residues by gas chromatography

The extraction and clean‐up, and gas Chromatographic conditions for the detection and determination of herbicides, their metabolites and related compounds are reviewed. The literature material is examined critically in the text and presented in tabular form for quick reference. The section dealing with extraction/clean‐up techniques is sub‐divided with respect to water, soil, plant material, animal, fish and micro‐organisms. Under eight herbicide group headings the important gas Chromatographic parameters such as stationary phase, support phase, column temperature and mode of detection are tabulated. Also tabulated are the application of various detectors to herbicide analyses and limits of detection where information was available. Most commonly used liquid and support phases are listed and their frequency of use given. Different aspects of derivative formation used for the positive identification and quantitation of herbicides are discussed with emphasis on esterification, alkylation and silylation. Other important conversion techniques are outlined, particularly those associated with enhancement of sensitivity e.g. bromination, iodination, dinitrophenylation etc. Efforts that have been made towards general and automated analytical methods are discussed.     

Sorption of heavy metals in strongly weathered soils: an overview

Current knowledge of sorption processes in tropical soils is reviewed. Landscapes throughout the tropics are dominated by oxisols which occupy extensive areas of potentially highly productive soils. These soils are dominated by low-activity sesquioxide minerals and clays that have variable charge surfaces. The limited information on tropical soils available suggests that the composition of the ambient soil solution can influence sorption through changes in particle surface-charge density. Thus the observed decrease in sorption in the presence of divalent index cations may be related to the effect of ionic charge on the double-layer thickness which is manifested through a change in surface-charge characteristics. However, much work needs to be done to differentiate the effect of cation charge on surface-charge density from the competitive effect between the index cation and heavy-metal ions for the sorption sites. The effects of inorganic and organic ligands on adsorption of Cd by variable charge surfaces are also reviewed.     

Groundwater quality in the major industrial area of Thessaloniki,Greece part 1: Chemical composition‐geochemical processes

Adsorption rates of Sb(V) ions on an activated alumina (AA) were analyzed by batchwise experiments, while the continuous adsorption, desorption, regeneration of AA, and multiple reuse cycles were studied by flow column tests. The adsorption rates increased quickly with the increases of shaking speed and operation temperature. The adsorbed Sb(V) ions were desorbed easily by a 50 mM NaOH solution, and a 41–90 times concentrated Sb(V) solution was yielded correspondingly. AA was effectively regenerated by desorption operation and ca. 93% of the initial adsorption capacity was retained after six times adsorption/desorption cycles.     

典型手性多氯联苯在电子垃圾拆解区玉米中分布及富集规律

多氯联苯（PCBs）是一类化学性质非常稳定的氯化芳烃化合物,本文揭示了手性PCBs在玉米中的污染水平、分布特征和累积规律,测定并计算了玉米样品中的7种手性PCBs含量和对映体百分数值(enantiomer fractions,EF)。结果表明,玉米不同器官中总手性PCBs的浓度范围为87.6—294.3 ng·g^-1,PCB91、PCB95、PCB136和PCB149在采集的玉米样品中均有检出,除了穗期和花粒期茎中手性PCBs,5种手性PCBs在玉米不同生长时期不同部位的浓度水平均为PCB95>PCB132>PCB136> PCB91>PCB149。从不同生长期时间变化上看,玉米中手性PCBs单体和总量在植物中的浓度均随着生长的延长而降低,即苗期>穗期≈花粒期。玉米中PCB91、PCB95、PCB132、PCB136和PCB149的EF均值分别为0.584±0.010、0.574±0.008、0.363±0.014、0.389±0.012和0.449±0.006。在全部可检出手性PCBs的玉米样品中全部的PCB95、PCB132、PCB136和90.9%的PCB91,81.8%的PCB149具有非外消旋特征,玉米中的手性PCBs对映体选择性累积作用随着植物的生长而不断增强。上述结果说明,该地区玉米样品受到了手性PCBs的污染,手性PCBs从土壤进入玉米的过程中发生了生物转化,本研究为准确评价其对人类健康和生态环境风险提供基础数据。     

Differences in the rainwater composition on two consecutive days

The relationship between the rainwater composition on two consecutive rain days was analyzed. Logrono, a remote station in the North of Spain was chosen for the analyses. The concentration of the major ions in the rainwater of the first rain day is linearly related to the concentration of the second rain day except for those ions whose source is the soil (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺). These ions are related to SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? in the first rain day, but not in the second.