Convergence and emergence in organizations: An integrative framework and review

In reaction to the growing attention to connecting individual‐level and unit‐level constructs, we first briefly review emergence terminology and theories that address the dynamic process by which a higher‐level phenomenon emerges from lower‐level elements. Next, we review the extant theory and research on emergence and convergence in organization science using an organizing framework that simultaneously considers the content area of lower‐level elements, the emergent factors, and the target of the emergent property. In addition to organizing and bridging current literature on emergence and convergence, gaps of existing research and new directions for future research, including compilation and divergence, are identified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

nZVI对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的冲击性影响研究

本研究采用批次试验,考察了不同浓度纳米零价铁(n ZVI)对亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)性能的冲击性影响,并对氮形态转化规律、氨氧化菌比耗氧速率(SOUR-A)、胞外聚合物(EPS)与溶解性微生物产物(SMP)组成、铁元素分布情况进行了系统分析.结果表明,当n ZVI投加量从0mg·L~(-1)提高至10 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值显著提高,NGS对氨氮的去除率始终保持在95%以上,亚硝态氮比累积速率(μ(NO-2-N))由27.3mg·g~(-1)·h-1提高至30.7 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,EPS中多糖与蛋白质含量均明显上升.然而,当原水中n ZVI浓度高于25 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值大幅降低,EPS与SMP中的多糖组分出现此消彼长的现象.当n ZVI投加量达到700 mg·L~(-1)时,NGS对氨氮的去除率降至58.9%,μ(NO-2-N)值为17.5 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,仅相当于对照组的64.1%.此外,扫描电镜与能谱分析的结果表明,n ZVI在NGS表面的大量吸附不仅严重抑制了功能微生物的活性,也会显著改变污泥表面的微生态环境.     

Naphthalene emissions from moth repellents or toilet deodorant blocks determined using head-space and small-chamber tests

The present study investigated the emissions of naphthalene and other compounds from several different moth repellents(MRs) and one toilet deodorant block(TDB)currently sold in Korea,using a headspace analysis.The emission factors and emission rates of naphthalene were studied using a small-scale environmental chamber.Paper-type products emitted a higher concentration of the total volatile organic compounds(VOCs)(normalized to the weight of test piece)than ball-type products,which in turn emitted higher ...     

庆阳市庆城县退耕还林区土壤纤毛虫群落特征

为研究土壤纤毛虫群落对不同退耕模式生态恢复的响应及利用其群落特征来评价退还效果,采用“非淹没培养皿法”、活体观察法和培养直接计数法对甘肃省庆阳市庆城县退耕10年后的多树种混交林(APR)和单一树种经济林(A)以及两个农田对照样地(CK1和CK2)的土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行定性定量研究,同时测定各样地土壤温度、含水量、pH值、电导率、土壤孔隙度、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,并分析不同退耕还模式下土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果为:共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫127种,隶属10纲21目34科52属;退耕样地与农田对照样地土壤纤毛虫物种分布存在明显差异,退耕样地间的物种相似性减小,群落组成复杂化,纤毛虫密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中混交林物种多样性最高;土壤纤毛虫优势类群由农田样地的肾形目(Colpodida)逐渐过渡为退耕样地的散毛目(Sporadotrichida);相关性分析可知,有机质、总氮、孔隙度和pH是影响土壤纤毛虫群落组成的关键因子,不同退耕模式下土壤纤毛虫群落组成差异较大,表明土壤纤毛虫群落对该地区退耕还林生态恢复工程发生了积极的响应,因此土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数可以作为评价退还效果的重要指标。     

川牛膝多糖的分离、纯化及单糖组成

采用水提醇沉法提取川牛膝多糖粗品CPC，经685弱碱阴离子交换柱层析和Bio—Gel P2凝胶柱层析进一步纯化，得到川牛膝多糖RCP(xefined Cyathula officinalis Kuan polysaccharide)．紫外扫描、高效液相色谱、聚丙烯酰胺盘状凝胶电泳证明RCP为均一组分．质谱图显示RCP的分子量(从)主要分布在1000-2200．薄层正交试验确定了RCP完全水解的最优条件．薄层层析及高效液相色谱—蒸发光散射检测(HPLC—ELSD)技术揭示，RCP单糖组成为D-果糖和D-葡萄糖．图11表2参18     

Gas-phase degradation of CCl<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CHCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>2</Subscript> over metallic Fe

We studied the hydrolysis of gas-phase carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), chloroform (CHCl₃), and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) over a metallic Fe surface for its application in combination with air stripping and soil vapour extraction. The effects of chlorocarbon concentration, type and preparation of the iron-containing material, humidity, and temperature on process performance are reported. The hydrolysis of chlorinated methane derivatives is catalysed by metallic iron resulting in a noticeable decrease of the reaction temperature. The reaction kinetics were found to be consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.     

Random denominators and the analysis of ratio data

Ratio data, observations in which one random value is divided by another random value, present unique analytical challenges. The best statistical technique varies depending on the unit on which the inference is based. We present three environmental case studies where ratios are used to compare two groups, and we provide three parametric models from which to simulate ratio data. The models describe situations in which (1) the numerator variance and mean are proportional to the denominator, (2) the numerator mean is proportional to the denominator but its variance is proportional to a quadratic function of the denominator and (3) the numerator and denominator are independent. We compared standard approaches for drawing inference about differences between two distributions of ratios: t-tests, t-tests with transformations, permutation tests, the Wilcoxon rank test, and ANCOVA-based tests. Comparisons between tests were based both on achieving the specified alpha-level and on statistical power. The tests performed comparably with a few notable exceptions. We developed simple guidelines for choosing a test based on the unit of inference and relationship between the numerator and denominator.     

Zooplankton proportion estimates from non-uniform sample volumes

The relative abundance of organisms from different taxa provides information about ecosystem health and diversity. When the numbers of sampled organisms are modelled as Poisson counts, and the sample volumes are not uniform, variance for the proportion attributable to each taxon is difficult to compute. We present a method for computing approximate variances for this situation. The point estimates and their standard errors reduce to the standard multinomial maximum likelihood results when sample volumes are uniform. Further, given initial estimates of population densities for the taxa of interest, optimal sample volumes can be computed. The methods are illustrated for zooplankton counts from Andrus Lake, Michigan.     

催化铁内电解法处理制革综合废水的研究

采用以催化铁内电解法为主的工艺处理制革综合废水，当进水SS、BOD5、CODCr、TCr、S^2-、色度分别为2120mg／L、648mg／L、1240mg／L、96．2mg／L、113．8mg／L、840倍时，出水分别为142mg／L、75mg／L、248mg／L、1．3mg／L、0．8mg／L、16倍，而且出水水质稳定，能够达到二级排放标准。