铁离子对滇池藻类生长的影响

有关氮、磷对滇池藻类生长的影响研究已有大量的报道.但关于铁离子对滇池藻类影响的研究还未见报道.以滇池藻样为对象,实验了不同铁离子浓度对滇池藻类生长的影响.结果表明,不同浓度范围铁离子对滇池藻类光合作用的促进或抑制是影响其生长的最主要因素.实验结果提示, 在控制湖泊藻类生长时,除了要注意控制氮、磷之外,还应考虑铁离子对藻类生长的影响.     

大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中矿物组分的X射线衍射研究

利用X射线衍射技术对北京2002春季和夏季的可吸入颗粒物进行了研究.结果表明,北京春季和夏季可吸入颗粒物的矿物组成明显不同,春季可吸入颗粒物中的矿物以硅铝酸盐为主,同时存在碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硫化物、铁的氧化物、粘土矿物以及难以鉴定的矿物;在夏季的样品中,矿物的种类有所减少,却有新的物种出现,如氯化氨、硫酸氨等.XRD定量分析显示,在沙尘天气时,可吸入颗粒物中石英和粘土矿物以及非晶质分别占到24.1%、28.5%和2 0%,斜长石和方解石分别占到10.4%和8.1%,其他矿物总共不到10%.矿物组分的确定对可吸入颗粒物来源的识别有一定的指导作用.     

PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations from the Qalabotjha Low-Smoke Fuels Macro-Scale Experiment in South Africa

This article presents results from the particulate monitoringcampaign conducted at Qalabotjha in South Africa during the winter of 1997. Combustion of D-grade domestic coal and low-smoke fuels were compared in a residential neighborhood to evaluate the extent of air quality improvement by switchinghousehold cooking and heating fuels.Comparisons are drawn between the gravimetric results from the two types of filter substrates (Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber) as well as between the integrated and continuous samplers. It is demonstrated that the quartz-fiber filters reported 5 to 10% greater particulate mass than the Teflon-membrane filters, mainly due to the adsorption of organic gases onto the quartz-fiber filters. Due to heating of sampling stream to 50 °C in the TEOM continuous sampler and the high volatile content of the samples, approximately 15% of the particulate mass was lost during sampling.The USEPA 24-hr PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 65 g m^-3 and 150 g m^-3, respectively, were exceeded on several occasions during the 30-day field campaign. Average PMconcentrations are highest when D-grade domestic coal was used, and lowest between day 11 and day 20 of the experiment when a majority of the low-smoke fuels were phased in. Source impacts from residential coal combustion are also found to be influenced by changes in meteorology, especially wind velocity.PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass, elements, water-soluble cations (sodium, potassium, and ammonium), anions (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), as well as organic and elemental carbonwere measured on 15 selected days during the field campaign. PM_2.5 constituted more than 85% of PM₁₀ at three Qalabotjha residential sites, and more than 70% of PM₁₀ at the gradient site in the adjacent community of Villiers. Carbonaceous aerosol is by far the most abundant component, accounting for more than half of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites, and for more than a third of PM mass at the gradient site. Secondary aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate,and ammonium are also significant, constituting 8 to 12% of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites and 15 to 20% at the Villiers gradient site.     

济南市大气颗粒物主要排放源多环芳烃成分谱研究

根据济南市颗粒物排放源的特点,通过采样分析获取了济南市大气颗粒物排放源(土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘)的粒度谱、多环芳烃成分谱,为济南市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析,提供可靠的基础数据。     

Relationships between emission sources and air mass characteristics in East Asia during the TRACE-P period

Long-range transport of pollutants influenced by anthropogenic and natural emission sources in East Asia is investigated by using backward trajectory analysis along the NASA TRACE-P flight tracks and a numerical simulation with the three-dimensional chemical transport model (STEM-2k1). Observation-based regional distributions of trace gases are reconstructed using the observations obtained by measurements on board the DC-8 and P3-B aircrafts. Systematic features of the spatial distribution for each species are identified. It is found that the observed concentrations of CO and some NMHCs, and the ratios between these species, are highly associated with the source distribution features and their regional characteristics. Reconstructed fields of the observed and modeled ethane/CO and ethane/propane are found to reproduce well the estimated emission ratios in East Asia. We also investigated the time rate of change of the concentration of species and their ratio along the trajectory. From this analysis the propane/ethane and propane/acetylene ratios are shown to preserve their emission ratios during regional transport. However systematic differences in the propane vs. acetylene/CO relationships are found between the model and observation values. This analysis suggests that further efforts are needed to improve the estimates of biomass burning emissions in SE Asia. The results presented in this paper also suggest ways to further extend the capabilities to derive observation-based inventories.     

中国季风区降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响：以长沙为例

降水构成是指对流或平流降水量在总降水量中所占比例,不同的降水构成对降水稳定同位素的丰度会产生重要的影响。基于长沙地区实测的日降水稳定同位素数据和GNIP月降水同位素数据,对不同时间尺度、不同季节时段以及不同降水强度下降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的变化特征进行分析和比较,旨在揭示不同的降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的差异,深化对季风区降水形成过程中稳定同位素变化规律的认识。结果表明：云中对流强度的差异造成了不同季节对流降水量占总降水量的比例（convective precipitation fraction,CPF）与总降水量之间相关关系的差异。在日和月时间尺度下,在暖半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而减小,而在冷半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而增大。无论是在暖半年还是在冷半年,日时间尺度下长沙站降水中的δ¹⁸O随CPF增大不断偏正。在月时间尺度下,包括长沙站在内的中国季风区大部,降水中δ¹⁸O与CPF均呈正相关。由于不同季节对流活动的强度不同会造成降水构成的不同,也使得相对于暖半年,冷半年时段降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响要强于降水量效应的影响,因此在冷半年长沙地区δ¹¹⁸O—CPF线性回归方程的斜率随降水强度的增大而增大,而在暖半年,δ¹⁸O—CPF斜率随降水强度的增大而减小。     

青海省巴硬格莉沟—哇沿河多金属矿化带稳定同位素地质与成矿物质来源

通过对青海省巴硬格莉沟—哇沿河多金属成矿带大量矿石及围岩的硫、氢、氧、碳、铅等稳定同位素测试及分析 ,指出该区成矿物质主要来源于幔源物质与壳源物质的混合 ,成矿与矿带外围印支期 (局部包括少量早燕山期 )二长花岗岩及下元古界达肯大坂群大理岩、二云斜长片麻岩关系密切 ,成矿热液具有混合热液性质 ,主要为岩浆水与变质水的混合 ,并有一定量的大气降水加入。因此构造 (哇洪山断裂带及其派生构造 )、岩体 (印支及早燕山期二长花岗岩 )、地层 (达肯大坂群二云斜长片麻岩、大理岩 )“三位一体”是本区多金属找矿工作的有利部位 ,在今后的找矿勘探中应予以重视。     

不同放牧强度对红三叶、黑麦草草地植被和土壤养分的影响

对不同放牧强度下草地植物和土壤的变化规律进行了研究，结果表明：３年强度放牧使土壤的全氮含量和草地的组成和结构发生了较大的变化，使牧草产量下降１７．１％，草地主要种红三叶的重要值降低了３３．８％，均质度系数增加５１．１％，土壤的氮磷比升高１．３。轻度放牧使草地全氮含量降低０．０９６％，红三叶的均质度系数增加２１．０％。中度放牧并未使草地牧草产量和红三叶的重要值降低，同时使草地红三叶均质度系数保持在远低于１．０水平以下，但使土壤全氮含量下降０．０８５％。根据以上结果，中度放牧是保持草地持续高产的最好的放牧管理选择。     

北京市城市生活垃圾特性分析

城市生活垃圾的物理成份随时间和地点的不同有很大的差别，经以热为手段（焚烧和热解）的垃圾处理带来很大困难，尤其是城市生活垃圾中轻质组份的品质和数量是影响其处理质量的关键因素，分析了连续几年北京市城市生活垃圾的组成成份以及变化趋势。     

钢珠制造工业废水的处理

采用无机氧化、凝聚的物化方法和沉淀池设计应用竖向折板反应等的高效组合装置，处理钢珠制造工业废水。结果表明，排放水的ＣＯＤ去除率达到９８％以上，水循环回用率达到８８％，并回收了大量的铁资源。