Scale-dependent inconsistencies in the effects of trampling on a forest understory community

The response of forest understory vegetation to trampling applied at different temporal and spatial scales was determined in a cliff-edge forest in Ontario, Canada. Three frequencies (0, 50, 500 passes per year) of short-term trampling (one year) were applied to plots previously undisturbed. Existing trails that had received three frequencies (approx. 100, 500, 25,000 passes per year) of long-term trampling (18 years) were also studied. Community composition, species richness, and individual species frequency were recorded in plots within 4 m and (or) 1 m of the patch centerline. The quantitative and qualitative form of plant response to increased trampling was compared for short-term and long-term treatments, both within 4 m and within 1 m of the path centerline, to judge the consistency of trampling effects at different temporal and spatial scales. As trampling frequency increased, community composition changed progressively, but consistently, in plots both within 4 m and 1 m of the path centerline. Species richness was less affected by trampling and only decreased within 1 m of the path centerline at the highest level of trampling (25,000 passes per season for 18 years). Effects of trampling on individual species frequency were much less consistent at different temporal and spatial scales of trampling. The scale-dependence results suggest that field workers and resource managers both should try explicitly to include and define multiple scale components when trying to ascertain the response of vegetation to human disturbance factors.     

Relationships between emission sources and air mass characteristics in East Asia during the TRACE-P period

Long-range transport of pollutants influenced by anthropogenic and natural emission sources in East Asia is investigated by using backward trajectory analysis along the NASA TRACE-P flight tracks and a numerical simulation with the three-dimensional chemical transport model (STEM-2k1). Observation-based regional distributions of trace gases are reconstructed using the observations obtained by measurements on board the DC-8 and P3-B aircrafts. Systematic features of the spatial distribution for each species are identified. It is found that the observed concentrations of CO and some NMHCs, and the ratios between these species, are highly associated with the source distribution features and their regional characteristics. Reconstructed fields of the observed and modeled ethane/CO and ethane/propane are found to reproduce well the estimated emission ratios in East Asia. We also investigated the time rate of change of the concentration of species and their ratio along the trajectory. From this analysis the propane/ethane and propane/acetylene ratios are shown to preserve their emission ratios during regional transport. However systematic differences in the propane vs. acetylene/CO relationships are found between the model and observation values. This analysis suggests that further efforts are needed to improve the estimates of biomass burning emissions in SE Asia. The results presented in this paper also suggest ways to further extend the capabilities to derive observation-based inventories.     

催化铁内电解法处理制革综合废水的研究

采用以催化铁内电解法为主的工艺处理制革综合废水，当进水SS、BOD5、CODCr、TCr、S^2-、色度分别为2120mg／L、648mg／L、1240mg／L、96．2mg／L、113．8mg／L、840倍时，出水分别为142mg／L、75mg／L、248mg／L、1．3mg／L、0．8mg／L、16倍，而且出水水质稳定，能够达到二级排放标准。     

铁离子对滇池藻类生长的影响

有关氮、磷对滇池藻类生长的影响研究已有大量的报道.但关于铁离子对滇池藻类影响的研究还未见报道.以滇池藻样为对象,实验了不同铁离子浓度对滇池藻类生长的影响.结果表明,不同浓度范围铁离子对滇池藻类光合作用的促进或抑制是影响其生长的最主要因素.实验结果提示, 在控制湖泊藻类生长时,除了要注意控制氮、磷之外,还应考虑铁离子对藻类生长的影响.     

庆阳市庆城县退耕还林区土壤纤毛虫群落特征

为研究土壤纤毛虫群落对不同退耕模式生态恢复的响应及利用其群落特征来评价退还效果,采用“非淹没培养皿法”、活体观察法和培养直接计数法对甘肃省庆阳市庆城县退耕10年后的多树种混交林(APR)和单一树种经济林(A)以及两个农田对照样地(CK1和CK2)的土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行定性定量研究,同时测定各样地土壤温度、含水量、pH值、电导率、土壤孔隙度、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,并分析不同退耕还模式下土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果为:共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫127种,隶属10纲21目34科52属;退耕样地与农田对照样地土壤纤毛虫物种分布存在明显差异,退耕样地间的物种相似性减小,群落组成复杂化,纤毛虫密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中混交林物种多样性最高;土壤纤毛虫优势类群由农田样地的肾形目(Colpodida)逐渐过渡为退耕样地的散毛目(Sporadotrichida);相关性分析可知,有机质、总氮、孔隙度和pH是影响土壤纤毛虫群落组成的关键因子,不同退耕模式下土壤纤毛虫群落组成差异较大,表明土壤纤毛虫群落对该地区退耕还林生态恢复工程发生了积极的响应,因此土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数可以作为评价退还效果的重要指标。     

川牛膝多糖的分离、纯化及单糖组成

采用水提醇沉法提取川牛膝多糖粗品CPC，经685弱碱阴离子交换柱层析和Bio—Gel P2凝胶柱层析进一步纯化，得到川牛膝多糖RCP(xefined Cyathula officinalis Kuan polysaccharide)．紫外扫描、高效液相色谱、聚丙烯酰胺盘状凝胶电泳证明RCP为均一组分．质谱图显示RCP的分子量(从)主要分布在1000-2200．薄层正交试验确定了RCP完全水解的最优条件．薄层层析及高效液相色谱—蒸发光散射检测(HPLC—ELSD)技术揭示，RCP单糖组成为D-果糖和D-葡萄糖．图11表2参18     

Gas-phase degradation of CCl<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CHCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>2</Subscript> over metallic Fe

We studied the hydrolysis of gas-phase carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), chloroform (CHCl₃), and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) over a metallic Fe surface for its application in combination with air stripping and soil vapour extraction. The effects of chlorocarbon concentration, type and preparation of the iron-containing material, humidity, and temperature on process performance are reported. The hydrolysis of chlorinated methane derivatives is catalysed by metallic iron resulting in a noticeable decrease of the reaction temperature. The reaction kinetics were found to be consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.     

济南市大气颗粒物主要排放源多环芳烃成分谱研究

根据济南市颗粒物排放源的特点,通过采样分析获取了济南市大气颗粒物排放源(土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘)的粒度谱、多环芳烃成分谱,为济南市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析,提供可靠的基础数据。     

PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations from the Qalabotjha Low-Smoke Fuels Macro-Scale Experiment in South Africa

This article presents results from the particulate monitoringcampaign conducted at Qalabotjha in South Africa during the winter of 1997. Combustion of D-grade domestic coal and low-smoke fuels were compared in a residential neighborhood to evaluate the extent of air quality improvement by switchinghousehold cooking and heating fuels.Comparisons are drawn between the gravimetric results from the two types of filter substrates (Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber) as well as between the integrated and continuous samplers. It is demonstrated that the quartz-fiber filters reported 5 to 10% greater particulate mass than the Teflon-membrane filters, mainly due to the adsorption of organic gases onto the quartz-fiber filters. Due to heating of sampling stream to 50 °C in the TEOM continuous sampler and the high volatile content of the samples, approximately 15% of the particulate mass was lost during sampling.The USEPA 24-hr PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 65 g m^-3 and 150 g m^-3, respectively, were exceeded on several occasions during the 30-day field campaign. Average PMconcentrations are highest when D-grade domestic coal was used, and lowest between day 11 and day 20 of the experiment when a majority of the low-smoke fuels were phased in. Source impacts from residential coal combustion are also found to be influenced by changes in meteorology, especially wind velocity.PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass, elements, water-soluble cations (sodium, potassium, and ammonium), anions (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), as well as organic and elemental carbonwere measured on 15 selected days during the field campaign. PM_2.5 constituted more than 85% of PM₁₀ at three Qalabotjha residential sites, and more than 70% of PM₁₀ at the gradient site in the adjacent community of Villiers. Carbonaceous aerosol is by far the most abundant component, accounting for more than half of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites, and for more than a third of PM mass at the gradient site. Secondary aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate,and ammonium are also significant, constituting 8 to 12% of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites and 15 to 20% at the Villiers gradient site.     

大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中矿物组分的X射线衍射研究

利用X射线衍射技术对北京2002春季和夏季的可吸入颗粒物进行了研究.结果表明,北京春季和夏季可吸入颗粒物的矿物组成明显不同,春季可吸入颗粒物中的矿物以硅铝酸盐为主,同时存在碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硫化物、铁的氧化物、粘土矿物以及难以鉴定的矿物;在夏季的样品中,矿物的种类有所减少,却有新的物种出现,如氯化氨、硫酸氨等.XRD定量分析显示,在沙尘天气时,可吸入颗粒物中石英和粘土矿物以及非晶质分别占到24.1%、28.5%和2 0%,斜长石和方解石分别占到10.4%和8.1%,其他矿物总共不到10%.矿物组分的确定对可吸入颗粒物来源的识别有一定的指导作用.