我国环保投资趋势及其存在的问题

对2005—2011年我国环保投资总额、构成及各地区投资情况进行分析,以揭示环保投资变化趋势及存在的问题,并提出改进建议。研究表明,我国环保投资总体呈增长趋势,但污染治理投资有效规模仍显不足;各地区环保投资差异性较大,东部地区环保投资比重高于中西部地区;环保投资主要集中在水、大气污染治理,受政策引导明显。     

Chemical composition and seasonal variation of acid deposition in Guangzhou, South China: comparison with precipitation in other major Chinese cities

With the aim of understanding the origin of acid rains in South China, we analyzed rainwaters collected from Guangzhou, China, between March 2005 and February 2006. The pH of rainwater collected during the monitoring period varied from 4.22 to 5.87; acid rain represented about 94% of total precipitation during this period. The rainwater was characterized by high concentrations of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, and NH₄⁺. SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, the main precursors of acid rain, were related to the combustion of coal and fertilizer use/traffic emissions, respectively. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ act as neutralizers of acid, accounting for the decoupling between high SO₄²⁻ concentrations and relatively high pH in the Guangzhou precipitation. The acid rain in Guangzhou is most pronounced during spring and summer. A comparison with acid precipitation in other Chinese cities reveals a decreasing neutralization capacity from north to south, probably related to the role and origin of alkaline bases in precipitation.     

城市化下景观格局对河流水质变化的空间尺度效应分析

研究不同空间尺度上景观组成与结构变量对城市河流水质的影响程度和机制对于流域生态保护具有重要意义.以汉江流域襄阳城区段8个水质监测断面为中心,利用GIS软件以河流为对象生成8种空间尺度的缓冲区域,采用景观格局指数、冗余分析等方法与模型,识别景观格局对河流水质影响最有效的河岸带空间尺度,以及其与水质的相互关系.结果表明:①总体上农用地和城市用地的面积占比随缓冲区宽度上升而增加,而其他景观类型呈相反的变化特征.②景观格局在不同宽度缓冲区内对河流水质的影响具有空间尺度性,在300 m宽度解释能力最大,达到了78.5%.③景观组成变量中仅园地的面积比例(PLAND_(GAR))在400 m宽度上与水质指标存在相关关系.④影响水质变化的主要景观类型在小尺度上是城市用地,相对较大尺度上是林业用地,并且城市用地和林业用地的斑块密度(PD_(URB)和PD_(FOR))对河流水质的负面影响最为显著.结果反映了300 m宽度是景观格局对水质变化的最佳临界区,景观组成变量对水质的影响程度小于景观结构变量.同时,不同景观类型对水质的影响机制也具有差异性,林业用地分布越密集、面积越大对进入水体的污染物净化作用越明显,而分散分布的城市区域对水质退化的作用显著.园地和草地因种植方式的差异对水质变化有一定的影响;而农业用地与水质之间没有发现显著的相关性.研究结果可以从宏观尺度上为流域水环境保护、景观优化与管理提供科学依据.     

北京市医疗废物典型可燃组分的物化特性研究

通过对北京市医疗废物典型可燃组分的工业分析、元素分析及热值等物化特性的实验研究,得出了各可燃组分水分含量低、灰分少、挥发分含量高、热值高的结论;在物质组成上,医疗废物典型可燃组分可以分为高碳元素含量物质和低碳元素含量物质两大类.同时,提出了北京市医疗废物处理适宜采用热处理方法,特别是热解处理方法的建议.     

Experimental study and steady-state simulation of biogeochemical processes in laboratory columns with aquifer material

Packed bed laboratory column experiments were performed to simulate the biogeochemical processes resulting from microbially catalyzed oxidation of organic matter. These included aerobic respiration, denitrification, and Mn(IV), Fe(III) and SO(4) reduction processes. The effects of these reactions on the aqueous- and solid-phase geochemistry of the aquifer material were closely examined. The data were used to model the development of alkalinity and pH along the column. To study the independent development of Fe(III)- and SO(4)-reducing environments, two columns were used. One of the columns (column 1) contained small enough concentrations of SO(4) in the influent to render the reduction of this species unimportant to the geochemical processes in the column.The rate of microbially catalyzed reduction of Mn(IV) changed with time as evidenced by the variations in the initial rate of Mn(II) production at the head of the column. The concentration of Mn in both columns was controlled by the solubility of rhodochrosite (MnCO(3(S))).In the column where significant SO(4) reduction took place (column 2), the concentration of dissolved Fe(II) was controlled by the solubility of FeS. In column 1, where SO(4) reduction was not important, maximum dissolved Fe(II) concentrations were controlled by the solubility of siderite (FeCO(3(S))). Comparison of solid-phase and aqueous-phase data suggests that nearly 20% of the produced Fe(II) precipitates as siderite in column 1. The solid-phase analysis also indicates that during the course of experiment, approximately 20% of the total Fe(III) hydroxides and more than 70% of the amorphous Fe(III) hydroxides were reduced by dissimilatory iron reduction.The most important sink for dissolved S(-II) produced by the enzymatic reduction of SO(4) was its direct reaction with solid-phase Fe(III) hydroxides leading initially to the formation of FeS. Compared to this pathway, precipitation as FeS did not constitute an important sink for S(-II) in column 2. In this column, the total reacted S(-II) estimated from the concentration of dissolved sulfur species was in good agreement with the produced Cr(II)-reducible sulfur in the solid phase. Solid-phase analysis of the sulfur species indicated that up to half of the originally produced FeS may have possibly transformed to FeS(2).     

北京PM2.5化学物种的质量平衡特征

以北京2个采样点连续采集的样品对PM2.5中的元素、水溶性离子和含碳组分进行分析．车公庄和清华园PM2.5中有机物的含量分别为27．8％和30．9％,是含量最丰富的物种,其次是二次无机粒子、土壤尘、元素碳和微量元素．PM2.5中约有24％的质量未能鉴别成分,相关性分析表明,含碳物种的估算所引起的偏差可能是主要的原因．采暖期重污染周和春季沙尘周PM2.5的化学物种构成悬殊,反映了季节性变化的源排放和特殊气象条件的综合作用．     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜及过程中铁的变化研究

从煤堆积水中分离得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌,利用该菌种对线路板中的Cu进行了浸出实验.研究了不同线路板粉末添加量对浸出效果的影响,在220 mL溶液中添加量为2.2、4.4 g时Cu的浸出率很快达到了90%,而添加量为11.0、22.0 g时浸出率表现了缓慢上升,在15 d左右达到了90%.观察了浸出过程中铁浓度及价态的变化,结果表明,浸出初期随着添加量的增加,Fe2 增加明显,但是随着浸出时间的推移,Fe3 、Fe2 和总Fe都呈现降低趋势.     

我国东部沿海地区酸雨来源研究

 1992～1995年间在我国东部沿海地区进行了降水和气象观测，分析了降水的酸度和化学组成与降水采样时的来流方向的关系，计算了丹东凤凰山和泗礁岛采样时的后推气流轨迹。发现我国东部沿海地区出现酸性很强的酸雨，推断酸雨来自周边国家和地区。由于当地地理位置和气象条件的差异，不同的时间和不同空间里影响的程度也不同。北方沿海的图们和丹东凤凰山的酸雨主要来自朝鲜半岛和日本。东南沿海地区则较为复杂，冬春季可能受到日本和朝鲜半岛的影响     

全国城市污水处理厂中微生物群落的溯源分析

为深入理解城市污水处理厂(wastewater treatment plants,WWTPs)中微生物群落的组成特征,本研究采用16S rRNA基因测序技术,系统地分析了全国15个城市WWTPs中活性污泥(activated sludge,AS)微生物群落的组成和可能的微生物来源.结果表明,15个城市AS群落中相对丰度超过0. 1%的微生物(门水平)共有10种,包括Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Chloroflexi等,优势门的相对丰度之和占AS群落总丰度的94. 53%～97. 04%. AS群落组成在一定程度上受地理因素影响:超过3 000个OTUs只广泛存在于某一个城市的WWTPs中,且接近中国大陆两端的哈尔滨和三亚拥有更多的独特OTUs;同为沿海城市的三亚和大连,其WWTPs中的特征微生物组成最为相似,而成都和重庆WWTPs中未检测到特征微生物.溯源分析的结果表明,AS群落结构能在一定程度上反映WWTPs的进水性质及所在城市的地理环境特征.具体地,植物及土壤来源微生物在不同城市AS群落中均占有较高比例;淡水来源微生物在淡水资源相对较多的南方区域AS群落中所占比例较高;除三亚外,每个城市AS群落中都检测到一定量的工业废水来源微生物,这与城市WWTPs处理部分工业废水有关;而人体肠道微生物在各城市AS群落中的占比均较低.     

广州地区雨水化学组成与雨水酸度主控因子研究

采集了广州地区2003-10～2004-09的雨水样品,通过对雨水样品的pH值、主要阴阳离子组成和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的测定,分析了广州地区酸雨的现状以及影响雨水酸度的主要因素等.结果表明,在观测期间,广州地区酸雨频率高达85%;雨水的主要离子组成为NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和Na⁺,而DOC约占总化学组成的24.0%;雨水酸度的主要控制离子还是SO₄^2-,但NO₃^-对雨水酸度的影响越来越大;同时,水溶性有机酸对雨水酸度的贡献也很明显.另外,来自扬尘中高浓度的碱性含钙化合物也对雨水酸度有明显的中和作用.