不同下垫面雨水径流溶解性有机物特性

为明晰不同下垫面雨水径流中溶解性有机物特性差异,采用三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱及树脂分级等方法对北京市城市道路、屋面、广场、绿地4种下垫面径流DOM进行分析.分析发现,下垫面类型影响径流DOM浓度、物质组成及化学组分分布;道路、屋面初期径流DOC浓度较高,并随产流时间增加而逐渐降低,而绿地径流DOC浓度随产流时间增加而增加,广场径流DOC浓度则始终保持较低水平;路面交通活动、大气沉降作用等使道路、屋面和广场等硬化下垫面径流DOM主要由类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质组成,且以疏水性化学组分为主,其中疏水中性和疏水酸性组分占比较高;受土壤冲刷有机质影响,绿地径流DOM除含类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量腐殖质和生物源蛋白物质,以亲水性化学组分为主,且主要为亲水中性和亲水酸性组分.     

北运河上覆水DOM分子组成和结构特征

利用高分辨傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱技术(FT-ICR-MS)及分析手段综合表征了北运河上覆水中DOM分子组成和结构特征,揭示了DOM分子组成的迁移转化规律,并评估了DOM分子组成的潜在环境影响.结果表明:北运河上覆水DOM分子化合物主要由木质素(63.19%)和蛋白质(12.96%)组成.上覆水中稳定DOM分子公式主要由难降解木质素和不断循环且再生的基本代谢物及分泌物组成,独特DOM分子公式的多样性与人为活动强度有关,优先被转化或降解的相同DOM分子公式主要为携带高化学活性羧基和羟基的木质素和不稳定的脂质、蛋白质和碳水化合物.北运河具有外源废水输入量高的特点,致使上覆水具有大量不稳定DOM化合物,增加了河流富营养化的潜在风险.     

四川省城市生活垃圾的组成及特性

对四川省典型城市生活垃圾的组成、元素分析及热值等实验结果进行分析,结果表明:典型城市生活垃圾具有厨余含量高(57.4%～66.1%)、渣土含量少(1.9%～11.7%)的特点;四川省城市生活垃圾热值介于4 200～5 500 kJ/kg之间,且大部分处在4 800～5 500 kJ/kg之间;攀枝花、绵阳和成都市金牛区城市生活垃圾热值较高,适合采用焚烧法,内江和遂宁的城市生活垃圾热值偏低,宜采用填埋的方法。     

太湖浮游植物种类组成时空变化规律

从2010年的3月到2010年的10月,通过春、夏、秋3个季度的采样,对太湖东部的浮游植物种类组成及其变化进行渊查,发现浮游植物92属279种,太湖东部五个采样点位的浮游植物常见种季节变化明显,而各湖区浮游植物种类绀成空间变化较小。通过对太湖东部浮游植物种类组成的时空变化的规律的初步探索,为预警监测及水环境保护提供技术支持。     

基于超级站多仪器联合观测的大气气溶胶遥感研究

大气气溶胶在气候变化、大气环境和人体健康等多个方面产生重要影响。遥感是获得气溶胶时空分布信息的重要手段,并且具有非破坏性、观测瞬时性、可获取整层大气信息等特点,因此在环保、气象等行业得到越来越多的应用。研究介绍了由多种监测仪器构成的中国科学院(北京)大气气溶胶遥感研究超级站的仪器配置、观测指标和相关研究方向,并阐述了其在4方面的具体应用:(1)针对沙尘、灰霾等典型过程的多仪器遥感联合观测;(2)将光学遥感拓展到气溶胶成分信息等前沿应用;(3)遥感获得近地面PM_(2.5)等环境关键参数的方法;(4)主被动结合的大气颗粒物垂直分布特性研究。通过超级站多仪器联合观测,可加强对大气气溶胶的全方位观测和分析,为环境研究提供综合数据支撑。     

不同气团来源对广州细颗粒物理化特性的影响

利用2006年7月广州细颗粒物质量浓度、数谱分布与化学组成的观测数据与气团后向轨迹聚类分析结果,系统分析了不同气团来源对广州细颗粒物理化特性的影响。观测期间,广州气团来源可分成来自远海、近海、西面陆地和北面陆地4种类型。细颗粒物总数浓度水平在4种类型中基本相当。当气团来自远海时,二次转化影响较小,PM2.5质量浓度较低,颗粒物数浓度从大到小依次为老化爱根核模态新鲜爱根核模态度积聚模态;受到海洋气团的影响,Cl-在PM2.5中比例为4种类型中最大。气团来自近海时,颗粒物二次生成与老化现象突出,数谱峰值出现在积聚模态,而其他类型出现在爱根核模态;SO2-4、OC与NO-3之和在PM2.5中的比例大于50%,为4种类型中最高。气团来自西面陆地和北面陆地时,细颗粒物受陆地传输老化气团和本地来源影响均较明显。来自北面陆地时,250 nm以上颗粒物数浓度明显升高,是PM2.5平均浓度远高于其他类型的直接原因之一。     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同地球化学背景下的土壤种子库的初步研究

采用野外取样和盆栽试验观察相结合的方法,对贵州茂兰3个不同岩性地球化学背景下森林的土壤中的种子进行萌发实验研究,结果表明:(1)贵州茂兰喀斯特森林的土壤中贮藏着丰富的种子,种子库储量在187.5-550粒/m2。(2)相对而言,纯灰岩的种子库储量最大,不纯碳酸盐岩的次之,纯白云岩的种子库储量最小;在垂直方向上,种子密度随着土壤深度的增加而减小。(3)土壤种子库中自然萌发的种子物种多样性指数为纯灰岩>纯白云岩>不纯碳酸盐岩。(4)从土壤种子库萌发的种子数量和组成成分方面来看,纯白云岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数>纯白云岩和纯灰岩之间的相似性系数>纯灰岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数。     

Parental condition, brood sex ratio and differential young survival: an experimental study in gulls (Larus fuscus)

Empirical evidence is growing that the offspring sex ratio in birds can be biased in relation to the body condition of parents during breeding. The sex ratio bias may come about because (1) the actual production of the two sexes may be skewed and/or (2) there may be a sex bias in early nestling mortality contingent on parental condition. By manipulating parental condition and giving them a control brood to rear, thereby eliminating effects operating via the eggs, we examined the extent to which parental condition influences the post-hatching survival of male and female lesser black-backed gulls, Larus fuscus. We found that the pre-fledging survival of male chicks was strongly reduced in all-male broods reared by parents in poor condition. Pre-fledging survival of female chicks was, however, unaffected by parental condition or brood sex composition. Thus, independently of any production biases, sex differences in nestling mortality alone can bias the offspring sex ratio at fledging in relation to the prevailing rearing conditions. In other studies on gulls we have, however, also shown that females in poor condition at laying preferentially produce female eggs. Clearly a bias in fledging sex ratio can occur within the same species due to a combination of differential production and differential post-laying mortality; the latter can involve a differential effect of poor egg quality on male and female offspring, differential effects of brood sex composition on their survival and a difference in the capacity of parents to rear males and females. All of these processes need to be taken into account in attempting to understand offspring sex ratios. Received: 15 February 2000 / Revised: 7 August 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000     

珠海市PM_(2.5)时空分布特征及其成因分析

选取2015年珠海市国控监测站ρ(PM_(2.5))数据,分析PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性离子组分等化学组成,ρ(PM_(2.5))时空分布特征,以及与气象因素的相互关系。结果表明,2015年珠海市PM_(2.5)年均值为31.0μg/m3,表现出显著的时间分布规律,月均值呈现"V"型趋势,PM_(2.5)中主要化学组分是有机物(OM),占总质量的34.0%,其次是硫酸根(SO2-4),占总质量的26.9%,具有明显的季节分布特征,呈现冬高夏低分布;ρ(PM_(2.5))日变化呈现双峰型分布,其值工作日显著高于非工作日;ρ(PM_(2.5))与平均温度、相对湿度、风速呈现负相关关系,与气压呈现显著正相关关系;珠海市ρ(PM_(2.5))空间分布总体呈现"东高西低,北重南轻"变化趋势,有机物、SO2-4和NH+4空间分布呈现东部高于西部趋势,颗粒物浓度受地形、气候因素和海域环境等影响呈现多样化分布趋势。     

Redox reactions of iron and manganese oxides in complex systems

• Mechanisms of redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides were discussed. • Oxidative reactions of Mn- and Fe-oxides in complex systems were reviewed. • Reductive reaction of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex systems was examined. • Future research on examining the redox reactivity in complex systems was suggested. Conspectus Redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides play important roles in the fate and transformation of many contaminants in natural environments. Due to experimental and analytical challenges associated with complex environments, there has been a limited understanding of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in actual environmental systems, and most of the studies so far have only focused on simple model systems. To bridge the gap between simple model systems and complex environmental systems, it is necessary to increase the complexity of model systems and examine both the involved interaction mechanisms and how the interactions affected contaminant transformation. In this Account, we primarily focused on (1) the oxidative reactivity of Mn- and Fe-oxides and (2) the reductive reactivity of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex model systems toward contaminant degradation. The effects of common metal ions such as Mn²⁺ , Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cu²⁺, ligands such as small anionic ligands and natural organic matter (NOM), and second metal oxides such as Al, Si and Ti oxides on the redox reactivity of the systems are briefly summarized.