哈尔滨市大气主要污染物浓度变化与城市发展因素影响分析研究

采用Daniel趋势检验法对哈尔滨市近年来SO2、NO2和PM10年均浓度变化趋势分析,并对城市总人口与经济、产业结构、民用汽车保有量和能源状况五个城市发展因素进行数据统计分析,用SPSS探究城市发展过程中影响大气污染的因素及相关性.结果表明:浓度变化趋势是SO2明显上升;NO2缓慢上升;PM10整体明显下降,但在2013年点突增至了0.119 mg/m3.SO2与NO2显著相关,相关系数为0.533.经统计,哈尔滨人口经济发展、产业结构调整较为缓慢,全市民用汽车保有量增加并未对NO2浓度影响显著,能源结构依然以煤为主,虽然能源强度提升,但也存在着煤质、散煤的问题.哈尔滨市各城市发展因素与污染物浓度关联度不显著.     

河北省PM2.5污染变化特征及暴露人群健康效应评估研究

PM2.5污染是影响中国城市居民健康和形成雾霾天气的重要原因之一,也是河北省健康发展的一个制约因素.采用环境污染流行病研究为基础的暴露-反应关系估算了2014年和2015年全省因PM2.5污染的居民早逝和罹患相关疾病住院的人数,并利用国家和河北省卫生统计数据,估算出人均人力资源价值和人均住院成本,计算出总经济损失.结果表明,河北省各市的PM2.5年均浓度呈下降趋势,因此,继续坚持有效的大气污染控制和应急健康防护措施,仍然是今后环保工作的重中之重.     

Cf/SiC 复合材料表面 HfO2涂层的制备及其抗热冲击性能研究

目的研究等离子喷涂条件下Cf/SiC复合材料表面HfO_2涂层的物相、显微组织及其抗热冲击性能。方法通过水热合成和喷雾造粒制备出HfO_2粉体,并利用等离子喷涂在Cf/SiC复合材料表面制备HfO_2涂层,研究涂层的物相、显微组织和抗热冲击性能。结果水热合成的纳米HfO_2为单斜相结构,颗粒的平均粒径为10~15nm;等离子喷涂制备的HfO_2涂层组织中存在微裂纹和孔隙,涂层为单斜相结构,且经1350℃热处理后涂层的相结构未发生改变。等离子喷涂的HfO_2涂层与Cf/SiC复合材料基体结合良好,未观察到涂层、基体间界面分离的现象。经1350℃、50周次的空冷热冲击试验后,涂层未发生破坏失效;在1350℃水冷热冲击条件下,热循环20次时涂层表面出现剥落,27次时脱落面积50%。结论通过等离子喷涂制备的HfO_2涂层与Cf/SiC复合材料基体结合良好,涂层能够抵御1350℃空冷、50周次热冲击,且未发生破坏失效,涂层的1350℃水冷热循环寿命达27次。     

Bi2O3-TiO2复合光催化剂协同处理铬-邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染

以硝酸铋和钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用水热法制备了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合半导体材料,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UVVis)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对复合材料的结构进行了表征.同时,考察了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合材料对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和难降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)复合污染的处理性能,并探讨了复合催化剂协同处理复合污染的作用机制.结果表明:该复合催化剂在可见光下能同时降低重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和有机物DBP的浓度,抑制电子和空穴复合,表现出比对单一Cr(Ⅵ)及DBP污染物更高的处理效率.当Bi_2O_3含量为4%时,复合催化剂表现出最佳的光催化活性.     

Pd/Al2O3粒子电极电催化还原BrO3-的研究

针对常规方法难以去除水中Br_3~-的问题,采用浸渍煅烧法制备了负载型纳米Pd/Al_2O_3粒子电极,研究了该电极电催化还原Br O-3的效果.催化剂的结构表征表明该反应实现了Pd纳米晶的均匀负载,纳米Pd/Al_2O_3具有较高的电催化活性和较低的能耗,其最佳反应条件为3%Pd负载量,0.9 m A·cm-2电流密度和1 g·L催化剂投量,酸性条件可促进Br O-3的直接或间接还原.ESR检测证实了Pd的负载增强了反应体系活性物种[H]的生成,进而促进了Br O-3的间接电催化还原.     

Layered sphere-shaped TiO2 capped with gold nanoparticles on structural defects and their catalysis of formaldehyde oxidation

We describe here a one-step method for the synthesis of Au/TiO₂ nanosphere materials, which were formed by layered deposition of multiple anatase TiO₂ nanosheets. The Au nanoparticles were stabilized by structural defects in each TiO₂ nanosheet, including crystal steps and edges, thereby fixing the Au–TiO₂ perimeter interface. Reactant transfer occurred along the gaps between these TiO₂ nanosheet layers and in contact with catalytically active sites at the Au–TiO₂ interface. The doped Au induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the Au–TiO₂ interface. Such vacancies are essential for generating active oxygen species (*O⁻) on the TiO₂ surface and Ti^3 + ions in bulk TiO₂. These ions can then form Ti^3 +–O⁻–Ti^4 + species, which are known to enhance the catalytic activity of formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation. These studies on structural and oxygen vacancy defects in Au/TiO₂ samples provide a theoretical foundation for the catalytic mechanism of HCHO oxidation on oxide-supported Au materials.     

Numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of NO2 and N2O5 generation during the NO ozonation process

Wet scrubbing combined with ozone oxidation has become a promising technology for simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO_x in exhaust gas. In this paper, a new 20-species, 76-step detailed kinetic mechanism was proposed between O₃ and NO_x. The concentration of N₂O₅ was measured using an in-situ IR spectrometer. The numerical evaluation results kept good pace with both the public experiment results and our experiment results. Key reaction parameters for the generation of NO₂ and N₂O₅ during the NO ozonation process were investigated by a numerical simulation method. The effect of temperature on producing NO₂ was found to be negligible. To produce NO₂, the optimal residence time was 1.25 sec and the molar ratio of O₃/NO about 1. For the generation of N₂O₅, the residence time should be about 8 sec while the temperature of the exhaust gas should be strictly controlled and the molar ratio of O₃/NO about 1.75. This study provided detailed investigations on the reaction parameters of ozonation of NO_x by a numerical simulation method, and the results obtained should be helpful for the design and optimization of ozone oxidation combined with the wet flue gas desulfurization methods (WFGD) method for the removal of NO_x.     

In vitro evaluation of inorganic and methyl mercury mediated cytotoxic effect on neural cells derived from different animal species

To extend the current understanding of the mercury-mediated cytotoxic effect,five neural cell lines established from different animal species were comparatively analyzed using three different endpoint bioassays:thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide,3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay(MTT),neutral red uptake assay(NRU),and Coomassie blue assay(CB).Following a 24-hr exposure to selected concentrations of mercury chloride(HgCl_2) and methylmercury(Ⅱ) chloride(MeHgCl),the cytotoxic effect on test cells was characterized by comparing their 50%inhibition concentration(IC_(50)) values.Experimental results indicated that both these forms of mercury were toxic to all the neural cells,but at very different degrees.The IC_(50)values of MeHgCl among these cell lines ranged from 1.15±0.22 to 10.31 ± 0.70 μmol/L while the IC_(50) values for HgCl_2 were much higher,ranging from 6.44 ± 0.36 to 160.97±19.63 μmol/L,indicating the more toxic nature of MeHgCl.The IC_(50) ratio between HgCl_2and MeHgCl ranged from 1.75 to 96.0,which confirms that organic mercury is much more toxic to these neural cells than inorganic mercury.Among these cell lines,HGST-BR and TriG44 derived from marine sea turtles showed a significantly high tolerance to HgCl_2 as compared to the three mammalian neural cells.Among these neural cells,SK-N-SH represented the most sensitive cells to both chemical forms of mercury.     

A~2/O-MBR工艺在农村生活污水处理中的示范

A2/O-MBR工艺因其稳定的出水水质和良好的脱氮除磷效果,在我国城镇早已得到规模化应用。但在农村由于受各种条件制约,使该工艺的应用受到限制。通过A2/O-MBR工艺在四川农村地区散户的小规模示范,分析了其在污染物去除、建设、运行维护等方面的特点以及需注意的问题,为该技术在农村地区的推广应用做出积极的探索。     

纳米二氧化锰/还原态氧化石墨烯复合材料催化臭氧降解苯酚的研究

制备以还原态氧化石墨烯为载体的纳米二氧化锰催化剂,并以苯酚为目标降解物,研究了其催化臭氧化性能,对影响催化臭氧化效果因素及降解机理进行了初步探讨。使用SEM、TEM和XPS对材料进行表征;纳米二氧化锰/还原态氧化石墨烯催化臭氧降解苯酚反应为准一级反应;催化剂的最佳使用量为0.2 g/L;当p H=3时,苯酚催化臭氧化去除率相对于单独臭氧提高了119.0%;催化剂连续使用4次性能良好。