Dechlorination of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the sediment of Ise Bay

The relation between dechlorination activities of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and anaerobic microbial activity were studied in the sediment collected at three sites in Ise Bay in Japan. The degradation rate of spiked 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (3nmol ml⁻¹) ranged from 15 to 35 pmol day⁻¹ ml⁻¹ wet sediment and about 1/3 to 1/2 of degraded the trichlorobenzene was recovered as dechlorinated products. Among the dichlorobenzenes, the 1,2-isomer had the highest and 1,3-isomer had the lowest production rate. Comparing the three sampling sites, the trichlorobenzene degradation and dichlorobenzenes production rates were related to the sulfate reducing activity for the unit number of sulfate reducing bacteria. Production rates of dichlorobenzenes were completely inhibited by adding molybdate (20 mM), nitrate (60 mM), and formaldehyde solution (4 %). These results indicated that dechlorination activity in the Ise Bay sediment was supported by sulfate reduction activity in the sediment, and not supported by any other anaerobic microbial activity.     

硫化氢分解制取氢和硫技术的进展

介绍了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的热力学、动力学最新研究成果 ,综述了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的各种工艺技术的新进展 ,并对这些工艺技术进行了分析和评述。 H2 S分解制氢的同时回收硫是一种很有前途的治理废气减轻污染的方法。     

长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的类雌激素活性评价

为了解长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的类雌激素活性，分别于夏季和冬季采用GDX—120大孔树脂对位于城区上、中、下游5个断面长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水进行有机物的浓缩提取。用体外MCF—7细胞增殖试验检测有机提取物的类雌激素活性。结果显示，源水有机提取物均具有类雌激素活性。其类雌激素活性中、下游均高于上游，丰水期高于枯水期。     

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

Decreased blood level of β2-microglobulin in the employees of a factory which produced polychlorinated biphenyls

Under the project of evaluating the health status of the employees of CHEMKO factory (East Slovakia) which produced PCBs between 1955 and 1985, the level of β₂-microglobulin (β₂-m) was measured in the serum of 242 subjects from CHEMKO (Group A) and two control groups from much less polluted areas: 1. 277 females from a small mountainous village (Group B), 2. 179 adults from the area of a large city of Ko ice (Group C). The level of thymidine kinase (TK) was measured in the groups A and B only. In addition, age-matched groups of 155 women each from all areas were evaluated. In both the whole group and the age-matched group from CHEMKO the level of β₂-m was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that in the respective control groups, while no difference was found in the level of TK. In conclusion, it is suggested that the decrease of β₂-m in CHEMKO employees might be related to the immunotoxic effects of organochlorines.     

Study on the fluorescence characteristics of bromadiolone in aqueous and organized media and application in analysis

The fluorescence spectroscopic behavior of bromadiolone (anticoagulant rodenticide), a substituted 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative, was investigated in water and in organized media like micelles and cyclodextrins. A detailed study on various photophysical parameters like fluorescence intensity (I_F), quantum yield (), lifetime (τ) and steady state fluorescence anisotropy (r) of bromadiolone in aqueous and in organized media was carried out. Bromadiolone in aqueous solution was observed to be in an aggregated state, thereby showing weak emission due to self-quenching. Marked enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed in organized media like micelles and β-cyclodextrin. A preliminary investigation has been done to find out whether this enhancement of fluorescence can be used to develop a sensitive analytical method for determination of bromadialone in aqueous media. A linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and concentration of bromadiolone was observed in the range of 0.15–7.9 μg ml⁻¹ in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.5–26.4 μg ml⁻¹ in β-cyclodextrin medium. The lower detection limit was found to be 37 ng ml⁻¹ in presence of CTAB and 23 ng ml⁻¹ in β-cyclodextrin. Comparison with 4-hydroxycoumarin, an unsubstituted analogue, was made.     

CO2升高对三角梅吸收Cd和佳乐麝香及根际的影响

以花卉三角梅修复Cd和佳乐麝香污染土壤为研究对象,探讨大气CO₂浓度升高对该植物吸收Cd和佳乐麝香的影响,并通过检测植物根际各相关指标综合分析三角梅修复生态系统的整体功能.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高、Cd和佳乐麝香的联合胁迫对三角梅生长没有显著抑制,对其吸收Cd和佳乐麝香具有促进作用,尤其是750μL/LCO₂、50mg/kg Cd和佳乐麝香处理促进作用最显著,并且,此时三角梅根际细菌的数量最多.脲酶活性随不同处理组浓度变化存在显著性差异.佳乐麝香的添加和CO₂浓度升高促进了土壤有机碳的增加.综上,三角梅具有应用于大气CO₂浓度升高条件下修复Cd和佳乐麝香复合污染土壤的潜力.     

2005~2016年中国大气边界层SO2的时空变化趋势

利用臭氧观测仪（OMI）卫星遥感反演的大气边界层（PBL）SO₂柱含量（PBL SO₂）数据分析了自2005年以来中国PBL SO₂柱含量数据的空间分布特征、变化趋势及其影响的原因.从长时间尺度上,PBL SO₂柱含量呈现明显的下降趋势.2005年中国区域年平均PBL SO₂柱含量为0.317DU,2016年为0.276DU,减少了0.041DU,大约为13.2%.SO₂柱含量呈现明显的周期变化特征.冬季浓度较高,夏季较低,最小值和最大值分别出现在7和12月,分别为0.246和0.404DU.小波分析显示SO₂的变化在10个月的尺度水平上存在明显的主振荡周期,在40个月的尺度水平上存在明显的次周期变化.中国区域SO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在京津冀鲁环渤海地区、关中平原（山西省和陕西省）、河南省大部分地区、四川盆地、长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲.最大的SO₂柱含量值可达1.1DU以上.京津冀鲁环渤海地区的高值区已经延伸到长江三角洲地区,有向南延伸和珠江三角洲连在一起的趋势.由于地形和天气特征的影响,四川盆地地区SO₂出现次高值区.在青藏高原和西北地区,SO₂浓度较低,呈现背景值特征,多年平均的SO₂约在0.05DU的水平.中国区域SO₂变化趋势在空间分布上存在明显的区域差异,变化的范围在-0.70~0.15DU之间.SO₂出现逐渐减少的地区主要是在高值区,如京津冀鲁环勃海地区、关中平原、四川盆地,长江中下游和珠江三角洲.减幅最大的是四川盆地和珠江三角洲,大约减少了61%.四川盆地2005~2016年约减少了0.55DU;珠江三角洲约减少了0.45DU.出现增长的地区主要是西部和北部地区,以及东南沿海除珠三角外的大部分区域,最大增长大约为0.15DU.     

有机物对SAD的影响及其数学模拟

通过血清瓶批式实验,研究了不同C/N下葡萄糖和乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统（SAD）污泥活性及脱氮性能的影响.耦合系统颗粒污泥为在亚硝态氮充足的UASB连续流反应器中培养得到,具有较高的厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性.以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N分别为1,2,4时,厌氧氨氧化活性差异不大,反硝化活性逐渐增加,亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为0.265,0.345,0.453kgN/（kgVSS·d）;以乙酸钠为碳源,C/N分别为1、2、4时,厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性都无明显差别.相同C/N下,耦合系统以葡萄糖为碳源时的厌氧氨氧化活性较高,以乙酸钠为碳源时的反硝化活性较高.C/N分别为1,2,4时,以葡萄糖为有机物的氨氮最大降解速率分别为乙酸钠的1.15,1.19,1.58倍,以乙酸钠为有机物时反应的亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为葡萄糖的1.89,1.48,1.15倍.实验的数学模拟结果表明,通过模型的模拟,能较为准确地预测实验过程中氮素的变化趋势,在C/N为1~4时耦合系统中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性无较大变化.     

微生物光电化学池去除硝酸盐氮:以PANI/TiO2-NTs为光阳极

利用微生物光电化学池(MPEC)去除污染物是一种经济高效环保的方法.本实验在制备获得聚苯胺/二氧化钛纳米管阵列(PANI/TiO_2-NTs)复合光电极的基础上,构建了由PANI/TiO_2-NTs光阳极和生物阴极组成的MPEC系统,并对其去除硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)的性能进行研究.结果表明,PANI负载时间为80 s时,PANI/TiO_2-NTs电极光电性能最佳,相比于TiO_2-NTs电极光电流密度增大约一倍,PANI的修饰有效提高了光能利用率.构建的MPEC系统能在无外加电压的条件下利用光能驱动实现自养反硝化脱氮,NO~-_3-N的生物降解符合准一级反应动力学方程.光响应电流密度越大,系统反硝化脱氮性能越好,NO~-_3-N初始浓度为25 mg·L~(-1)时,当光响应电流密度从0.17 mA·cm~(-2)增加至0.67 mA·cm~(-2),平均反硝化速率从0.83 mg·(L·h)~(-1)增大到2.83 mg·(L·h)~(-1).对生物阴极微生物膜进行了高通量测序,发现Pseudomonas所占比例最大(27.37%)为优势菌属.分析认为PANI/TiO_2-NTs光阳极产生的光生电子通过外电路传递到阴极,Pseudomonas、Alishewanella和Flavobacterium等具有自养反硝化能力和电化学活性的微生物可直接利用电极上的电子作为唯一的电子供体进行自养反硝化脱氮.