祁连山区山地草原荒漠化的原因诊断与治理对策

以祁连山区肃南县为例，分析了祁连山区山地草原荒漠化的现状及其危害，并结合历史，从自然和人为两方面探讨了草原荒漠化的成因。由于自然因素是形成草原荒漠化的基础，而人为因素才是其主导因素。所以本文主要就人为因素有针对性地提出了山地草原荒漠化的防治和生态环境重建的对策，即：加大资金引入，引进和推广新技术，减轻草原人高压力；实现合理用水，提高草原的数量和质量。     

矿业活动影响区稻田土壤和稻米中重金属含量及健康风险

探讨了南丹矿业活动对周边稻田土壤和稻米中重金属含量的影响,并评估当地居民通过稻米摄入重金属的健康风险.对位于矿业影响区车河镇、大厂镇、长老乡以及对照区六寨镇的4个典型村庄居民进行为期3 d的入户膳食调查,同时采集稻田土壤样品56个和稻米样品90个,用原子荧光形态分析仪(AFS-9700)、石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱仪(AA 700)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(Optima 7000)测定其重金属含量,并通过污染指数法和重金属摄入量评价居民膳食暴露的健康风险.结果表明,矿业活动影响区稻田土壤As、Sb、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的几何平均值分别为58.1、16.4、1.22、49.1、52.1和271mg·kg~(-1),除Pb外,其他元素均显著高于对照区稻田土壤相应重金属含量(P0.05),Nemero综合指数(PN)为3.14,属于重度污染水平.六寨、车河、大厂和长老地区稻米样品中Cd含量均超出标准限值,超出倍数分别为2.23、4.40、3.81和3.52倍,As也存在严重超标现象;居民Cd的摄入量高于FAO/WHO提出的重金属人均日摄入可允许限量标准(PTDI).说明南丹矿业活动对周边稻田土壤和稻米及人群健康的危害明显大于对照区人群,食用当地稻米对人体存在较大的健康风险.     

农牧交错区农户生计分化及其对耕地利用的影响——以宁夏盐池县为例

农户生计与耕地利用之间的关系已经成为理解人地关系的重要切入点。论文以宁夏盐池县为例,在可持续生计框架下,从农户生计资本和生产要素配置两个角度,探讨农户生计分化及其对耕地利用的影响。结果表明：1）盐池县兼业户与非农就业户合计占调查农户的58%,农户非农化现象普遍;2）劳动力越多、人均耕地越少的农户,其家庭非农收入占比越高,生计资本是农户生计分化的“推力”;3）务农机会成本越高的农户其生计分化程度越高,务农机会成本是农户生计分化的“拉力”;4）随着生计分化程度的增加,耕地利用的生产要素投入强度呈递减态势,但是兼业户的耕地利用效率高于纯农户和非农就业户。农牧交错区同时面临着生态保护、农牧业生产、脱贫攻坚等挑战,政策制定需充分考虑当地农户的生计特征与人地关系的演变规律,加强非农就业引导,鼓励农户土地流转,促进农户生计多样化,实现生态、经济、社会效益“共赢”发展。     

行业结构分析法在旅游开发中的应用-以湖南城步苗族自治县为例

企业在制定经营战略时,要分析其最直接的环境,即企业竞争所在行业的状况.根据行业结构分析原理,对城步苗族自治县旅游开发面临的5种基本竞争力量进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了城步旅游开发的对策.     

农业旱灾中人为因素的定量分析 --以秀山县为例

以重庆秀山县为研究对象。对建国后50年中各年代人为因素对农业旱灾的作用进行了比较，探讨了其成因及变化趋势。研究表明，在20世纪50年代和60年代，秀山县由于生态破坏、水利设施不足和不合理的政策导向等，人为因素起着加剧旱灾灾情的作用，而在70年代至90年代。由于农业基础设施投入的加大、抗旱政策的制定等，人为因素开始起着越来越强的缓解灾情的作用。     

Effects of recreational use on forested sites

Impact of recreational activities on soil and vegetation was evaluated in eight forested camping and picnic areas in southern Rhode Island. Forest vegetation consists of mixed-oak and white pine stands. Soils are of granitic glacial till or outwash origin and textures range from loamy sand to find sandy loam. Recreational use resulted in significant compaction of soils as indexed by soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Evidence indicates that compaction influences bulk densities to a depth of about 12.7 cm. Rates of water infiltration are less on recreation areas. Soil water accretion and depletion during the growing season are less rapid on recreation sites than on control sites. Differences are attributed to reduced infiltration, percolation, and rooting activity. Much of the ground surface on recreation areas is devoid of vegetation. The surface consists primarily of bare mineral soil, rock, or litter. The plants most commonly present are grasses. Native ground cover vegetation including tree seedlings, ericaceous shrubs and herbs has been eliminated or greatly reduced by trampling. Damage to tree trunks is common in recreation areas. White pine radial growth and scarlet oak height growth were significantly less on recreation sites. Scarlet oak appears intolerant to heavy recreation use.     

开发广西资源县旅游资源的几点思考

作者运用区域旅游发展研究的理论与方法 ,对资源县旅游产业发展的条件、具体措施和发展目标进行了深层次的思考。     

Environmental Racism in the Sunbelt? A Cross-Cultural Analysis

/ Sociologist Robert Bullard challenged the prevailing paradigm of environmentalism as a consensual issue in the United States by developing the concept of environmental racism. As he claims, ethnic minorities have been put "at greater environmental risk" than has the Caucasian majority in most areas of the country. This study of the Tucson metropolitan area examines this proposition by utilizing data from several sources: interviews with elected officials and other opinion leaders, GIS-generated socioeconomic data, articles in the press, and a literature review. We conclude that Bullard's concept has validity for this metropolitan area but that there also exist widely divergent differences of opinion on the subject. We explain why this is so. We further conclude that the allegation of "environmental racism" made by the Hispanic community in the 1980s and 1990s has had a transformative effect on local politics.KEY WORDS: Environment; Racism; Tucson; Garbage dumps; County government; Pollution; Equity; Justice     

Changes of surface water pollution of Suzhou region:a case study in Taicang County, China

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农村生态环境的保护对策

提出大力发展多模式的生态农业建设 ;改善耕地质量 ;科学种田 ;控制化学物质污染 ;合理调整农村产业结构和工业布局等环境保护对策