A material and energy flow model for co-production of heat and power

Co-production of electricity, district heat and industrial heat/process steam (heat and power, CHP) has been applied to a large, national scale, in only a few countries in the world, Denmark, The Netherlands and Finland. In this production method, the waste energy from electricity production is used in two quality levels. First, industrial process steam requirements can be met with this residual energy. Second, the waste energy is used in local district heating networks for households and other buildings in a city. In this integrated production method, a total fuel efficiency of 85% can be achieved. Through the technique of fluidized bed combustion, modern CHP plants can use coal and oil, and in addition, heterogeneous fuels such as biomass, industrial wastes and recycled fuels from households. In this paper, the CHP method is considered in terms of four categories of material and energy flows. For the purpose of considering the potential environmental gains and the difficulties of this production method when applied to integrated waste management and energy production, the four suggested categories are: matter (biomass) (1), nutrients (2), energy (3) and carbon (4). Corporate environmental management inventory tools, decision-making tools, management, organisational and administrative tools as well as information management tools that could be used in CHP-related material and energy flow management are shortly discussed. It is argued that for CHP energy and environmental management, it can be important to adopt an approach to networks of firms, rather than to an individual firm. The presented material and energy flow model may contribute to assessing, planning and implementing of CHP-based waste management and cleaner energy production.     

黔江区环境空气质量评价及变化趋势

利用黔江区环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、Daniel趋势检验方法等评价和分析方法,研究了黔江区2012年环境空气质量状况及变化趋势。结果表明:2012年,黔江区环境空气综合污染指数为1.67,满足国家二级标准天数比例为94.2%,影响环境空气质量等级的首要污染物为可吸入颗粒物;2006—2012年环境空气质量变化趋势表明,二氧化氮和可吸入颗粒物随年份变化呈增长趋势;月变化结果表明,黔江城区环境空气质量夏季和秋季质量比春季和冬季好。     

温州市龙湾区内河水质现状调查研究

龙湾区是温州市的三大城区之一,从20世纪80代以来,随着温州市经济的迅猛发展,人口的增长,龙湾区城市内河水质不断恶化。本文通过对龙湾区内河设置水质监测点,分季度采样分析,对龙湾区内河水质情况进行调查研究,分析各片区的主要污染物,为改善河道水质提供依据。     

绿色农业产地环境的生态补偿政策绩效评价

安全的产地环境为绿色农产品生产和绿色农业可持续发展奠定了良好的物质基础,是保证消费者食品安全的源头。农业生态补偿是通过综合利用行政、法律、经济等手段,对造成农业生态环境污染、农业生态破坏的个人和组织的负外部性行为进行收费(税),对恢复、维持和增强农业生态系统服务功能做出贡献的个人和组织的正外部性行为给予经济补偿的一种制度。为了了解区域绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策的实施效果,本文以武汉市重要的农产品生产和供应基地东西湖区为例,运用层次分析法与模糊综合分析法,以生态价值、经济价值和社会价值为价值取向,构建了包括职能指标、效益指标、潜力指标3个一级指标,10个二级指标和39个三级指标体系,对东西湖区农业生态补偿政策实施绩效进行评价。评价结果表明,东西湖区在实施绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策前后效益变化分值差都在30以上,最低变化值为31.42,最高变化值为59.75。其中,政策目的设计、政策战略规划、政策反馈指标、经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和行政组织建设等方面的变化值都在50以上,政策实施管理指标、资源利用、农业生态补偿技术的变化值都在30以上。由此可以看出,绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策发挥了一定的作用,但还有进一步提升空间。为此,要加强绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策实施管理,提高绿色农业产地环境生态资本利用效率,提升绿色农业产地环境生态补偿技术水平。     

长春市双阳区农村生活污水排放情况分析

双阳区环境监测站与环境监察大队结合双阳区实际,选取双阳区南部低山丘陵区以山河街羊圈村、北部平原区以奢岭镇幸福村和双胜村、东北部水源地准保护区以齐家镇曙光村和长岭村为代表的5个行政村生活污水排放情况进行实地调研,同时对双阳区全区农村生活污水排放情况进行统计,从而得出双阳区各流域生活污水受纳量及受污染情况。     

建立黔江区城市河流水污染治理长效机制的研究

为探讨黔江河水污染治理长效机制,利用2014年8月至2015年12月黔江河专项监测报告的数据,分析黔江河水质污染现状及其成因,黔江河闸桥至下坝断面水质污染严重,主要与城市建成区功能区布局和居民生产生活有较大关系,生活污水直排、部分污染物沉淀或被河床截留为主要原因.根据黔江河水质现状、污染成因,提出通过应急治理、水质改善和建立长效治理机制等三个阶段治理黔江河水污染,为有效的改善黔江河的水域环境提供可借鉴的科学依据.     

南京幕燕地区旅游地产开发条件与思路研究

在旅游业和房地产业的推动下,随着休闲度假旅游的普及和大众消费向多样化的转变,旅游地产应运而生.在对南京幕燕地区进行多次实地调研的基础上,结合该区环境生态和资源特点,分析研究区的优势与劣势、机遇与挑战,遵循“生态为本、休闲为主、文化为魂”的理念,提出在幕燕地区建设文化生态休闲度假区、滨江旅游公馆区、军事主题公园的思路,为幕燕地区旅游地产的发展提供决策参考.     

基于CLUE-S模型的黑河中游土地利用情景模拟研究 ——以张掖市甘州区为例

由于传统的土地利用空间统计分析问题中存在固有的空间自相关效应,进而影响到不同土地利用类型空间分布概率模拟的精度.研究在CLUE-S模型中传统的二值Logistics回归的基础之上引入了空间自相关因子形成Autologistic回归模型,并将其用于区域土地利用情景模拟.结果表明:(1)考虑了土地利用类型空间自相关性的Autologistic回归模型在模拟土地利用空间格局时能更好地反映真实土地利用分布格局.耕地、林地、草地、水域及未利用地的空间格局拟合优度ROC值分别从0.914、0.820、0.697、0.635和0.798提高到0.924、0.892、0.766、0.716和0.835;(2)基于Autologistic回归分析的建模对CLUE-S模型的模拟精度有一定的提高.Autologistic回归分析下模拟结果的Kappa指数0.935 4大于Logistic回归模拟结果0.888 0;(3)通过模拟2020年研究区5种情景方案下土地利用格局,表明在不同情景方案下的土地利用/覆被格局存在显著的空间差异:①自然增长情景方案下,耕地的增加对于保障粮食安全有重要意义,而建设用地的扩张则会促进研究区经济建设的快速发展,但林地和草地转化为未利用地会加剧土地的退化和生态环境的恶化;②在3种水资源约束情景方案下,水资源对干旱区土地利用/覆被变化的制约非常明显,提高水资源利用率是改善干旱区生态环境的一个重要措施;③土地结构优化情景方案下土地利用比较全面地考虑到了流域粮食安全、生态保护以及经济发展等需要,具有较强的合理性;④经济发展情景方案下建设用地快速扩张,大量侵占周边耕地和草地,粮食安全会受到较大的威胁;⑤生态保护情景方案下林地、草地和水域等生态保护用地面积呈显著扩张,区域生态环境质量明显改善.     

Ecotypes diversity in autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb): A single plant with multiple micronutrient genes

Elaeagnus umbellata, a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, is native to Pakistan, China, India, Korea, and Japan. It is found commonly at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 2100 m and thrives on eroded and degraded land due to its ability to fix nitrogen. The plant also grows under variable pH (4-8) and drought, and is used locally as fuel wood, fencing, fodder, basket making, and shelterbelts. The fruit of the plant is well known for its essential nutrients and medicinal compounds such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, carotenoids (lycopene), soluble solids, and sugars. Medicinally, it is widely believed to protect against myocardial infections, pulmonary infections, and various forms of cancers. Ten ecotypes from variable microclimatic conditions were investigated for their morphological, molecular and biochemical diversity improvement and commercialization purposes. Comparisons and disabilities indicated significant variability in terms of morphological (plant height, number of branches, thorn size and number, leaf area, fruit size, 100 fruit weight, and yield), molecular (SDS-PAGE), and micro- and macronutrient (vitamin C, Fe, mg, P, Na, K, essential oils, and sugar) bases among the ecotypes. This variability will be helpful in developing commercial varieties of the plant utilizing the conventional techniques of selection and hybridization for economic activities. The plant has ample quantities of multiple micronutrients, thus indicating their expression through a powerful promoter at one place (fruit mesocarp). Efforts to identify and isolate the micronutrient genes (vitamin A, C, E, and Fe), the deficiency of which causes malnutrition and disabilities within the population of developing countries. Micronutrient genes have also been initiated for their characterization and future transformation into staple food crops for stable bio-fortification.     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦挥发性有机物排放特征

于2021年5月下旬至6月中旬,采用动态箱采样法对内蒙古河套灌区17种春小麦排放生物源挥发性有机物(BVOC)进行了研究,同时记录了温度、湿度和光合有效辐射(PAR)等参数.结果表明:内蒙古河套灌区春小麦主要排放异戊二烯、α-蒎烯和甲苯,生长期其排放率分别为(0.85~39.31),(2.60~14.32)和(6.41~35.39)ng/(g·h),成熟期其排放率分别为(1.75~7.99),(1.11~5.81)和(1.91~25.61)ng/(g·h);生长期异戊二烯、单萜烯类和BTEX标准状态(T=303K,PAR=1000µmol/(m²·s))下排放率分别为(12.92±5.14),(11.98±7.13)和(23.13±7.32)ng/(g·h),成熟期分别为(2.47±0.64),(5.73±1.19)和(14.23±5.27)ng/(g·h),生长期的排放率明显大于成熟期;一定环境温度和PAR范围内,河套灌区春小麦BVOC排放率与环境温度和PAR均呈指数相关,具有明显的日变化特征,但环境温度超过45℃时会抑制其BVOC排放率.