泥炭和腐植酸类物质在环境保护中的应用

本文叙述了泥炭的形成、组成、结构、泥炭及腐植酸类物质在环境保护中的广泛应用：用泥炭净化被放射性污染的废水；用泥炭除去废水中的重金属离子；用泥炭净化工业和城市污水；泥炭对水中石油及其产品的吸附；泥炭对大气中有害气体的清除．因此，泥炭和腐植酸类物质是净化生物圈的宝贵资源．     

石化化工建设项目环境影响评价技术要点

石化化工行业是国民经济的重要组成部分,同时具有工艺复杂,涉及大量危险化学品,环境风险高、危害大等特征,其环境影响评价技术难度较大。产业政策、规划符合性和总图布置、选址合理性;工程分析;环境风险评价;污染防治措施等内容是石化化工项目环境影响评价的核心。本文对这几个方面环境影响评价技术要点进行了系统总结,为今后相关项目环评工作提供借鉴和参考。     

C2H6/CO2组分构成对瓦斯着火延迟时间的影响规律研究

为进一步研究多种不同性质的气体对瓦斯着火过程的影响,采用CHEMKIN-PRO Release软件,选择CH_4燃烧化学反应机理USC Mech 2.0模型对不同组分构成的C_2H_6/CO_2与甲烷混合气体进行数值模拟,然后分析不同组分下瓦斯着火延迟时间的变化趋势,并利用SENKIN程序对其进行敏感性分析。计算结果表明:当C_2H_6百分比小于CO_2百分比时,随着CO_2百分比的增加,瓦斯着火延迟时间略有增加,且其在T=1200K下延长了17.0%,在T=2200K下延长了8.4%,同时抑制CH_4生成的关键反应步敏感性系数下降幅度略大,其协同抑制瓦斯爆炸;当C_2H_6百分比大于CO_2百分比时,随着C_2H_6百分比的增加,瓦斯着火延迟时间大幅缩短,且其在T=1200K下缩短了63.7%,在T=2200K下缩短了35.5%,同时促进CH_4生成的关键反应步敏感性系数下降幅度大,其协同促进瓦斯爆炸。     

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

摘要：鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002~2003年在南京农业大学实施,选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量 (以N计) 分别为334 kg/hm2、670 kg/ hm2、1004 kg/hm2。结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著。整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放。无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤（江苏溧水）,G土壤（江苏涟水）和H土壤（江苏农科院）的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168mg/m2、127 mg/m2和146 mg/m2;小麦生长季,分别为134 mg/m2、124 mg/m2和168 mg/m2。在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976 mg/m2、744 mg/m2和626 mg/m2。稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮两个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异。以一个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤,G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%, 0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同。     

引入分形维数的混凝动力学方程数值求解

运用Smoluchowskj基本原理,建立了引入絮凝体分形维数的混凝动力学模型.该模型在絮凝过程中考虑了不同时刻形成的絮凝体中引入的初始颗粒数目和空隙率,并以此来推求不同时刻形成的絮凝体所对应的分形维数.采用有限差分法对建立的混凝动力学模型进行了数值计算.结果表明,初始颗粒的结构特征和碰撞效率是影响絮凝体粒径分布的主要因素.初始颗粒的分形维数和碰撞效率越大,絮凝体粒径分布越宽泛,大尺寸的颗粒所占的份额越多.同时计算结果表明,絮凝体的分形维数有随其粒径增大而逐渐降低的趋势,其原因是絮凝体的成长粒径与絮凝体中所包含的初始颗粒增长速度不成比例.以腐殖酸为混凝对象,采用硫酸铝作为混凝剂进行混凝实验,并以其初始絮凝条件作为数值计算初始条件,研究表明数值计算分析结果和模拟结果吻合较好.     

源分类生物有机垃圾及其各组分甲烷潜能实验研究

研究了一种实验室范围内源分类生物有机垃圾制取甲烷潜能的方法.37℃条件下,添加20 g新鲜物料和300 mL来自于沈阳市污水处理厂接种体.于3个平行反应器中进行为期50 d的厌氧消化实验,通过气相色谱定期检测甲烷气体的浓度.在37℃条件下,BMW及其各组分厌氧消化产气速率为:淀粉>BMW>蛋白质>食用油>脂肪>纸,BMW、淀粉、蛋白质、食用油、脂肪和纸最终甲烷化潜能(CH4/VS)分别为:218.15、209.11、194.20、238.86、257.82和131.41 mL/g,其厌氧生物降解率分别为:67.73%、72.88%、65.84%、78.38%、74.11%和47.98%.     

桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的抑制作用及其化学基础研究

摘要：探讨了托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)、窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta)等3种桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）生长的影响,并对其抑制赤潮藻类生长的化学基础进行了初步研究,以期为新除藻剂的筛选提供参考和依据。结果表明,不同桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,托里桉木粉的抑藻作用明显强于尾叶桉和窿缘桉。灭菌与非灭菌托里桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用差别不大,提示细菌等微生物并非木粉抑藻的主要原因。不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,丙酮-水粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯、甲醇和水粗提物。进一步将丙酮-水粗提物分成A、B、C和D等4个组分,比较不同组分的抑藻活性。结果发现,丙酮-水粗提物中D组分的抑藻作用最强。该组分浓度为3 mg/L时,3 d时对塔玛亚历山大藻的去除率可达81.06 %。GC-MS分析表明,D组分中含有4-羟基-3,5,6-三甲基,1-4[(1z)-3-氧代-1-丁烯基]-2-环已烯酮和4,4,7a–三甲基,5,6,7,7a-四氢-2(4H)-苯并呋喃酮等酮类物质。这些结果表明,托里桉木粉可显著抑制赤潮藻的生长,其中存在的酮类化感物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因。     

Simulation of three-stage operating temperature for supersaturation water-based condensational growth tube

In order to realize accurate dynamic control of supersaturation and to study condensation growth characteristics of nanoparticles through different levels of super saturation,a series of parametric analyses and systematic comparisons between two-stage and three-stage operating temperature designs were simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics.The simulation results showed that the three-stage operating temperature did not change peak supersaturation compared with two operating temperatures,and the three-stage operating temperature was superior in decreasing the amount of water vapor and the temperature,thus lowering particle loss and variation in detection and collection.The peak supersaturation level increased by 0.3 as the flow rate increased from 0.6 to 2.0 L/min,but the supersaturation peak moved from 0.0027 z0 to 0.08 z0(i.e.,the growth time and the final size decreased by 40%).Peak supersaturation increased as the temperature difference increased or the temperature difference window was shifting left,and minimum activation size decreased.Shifting the 70℃temperature difference window from 9℃,79℃-1℃,71℃for the condenser and initiator temperatures resulted in peak supersaturation in the centerline being above 5.8,and the activation size changed as low as 1 nm.Experiments with flow rates varying by a factor of 2.5(from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min) resulted in a final size decrease of 43%(from 3.2 to 1.8 μm),and experimental results of outlet particle size distributions were equivalent with theoretical analysis as the operating temperature was changed.     

Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

PM_2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site (referred herein as “LLH site”) located in the southwest of Beijing. The offline aerosol mass spectrometry (offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). Organic aerosol (OA) always dominated PM_2.5 during the sampling period, especially in winter. WSOA pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn (31.1 µg/m³) and winter (31.9 µg/m³), while WSOA accounted for 54.4% of OA during the polluted period in autumn, much more than that (21.3%) in winter. The oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level (oxygen-to-carbon ratio, O/C=0.91) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol (POA) during the whole observation period. In winter, coal combustion OA (CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of WSOA. In autumn, biomass burning OA (BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted period. In addition to oxygenated OA (OOA), aqueous-oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of SOA. During heavy pollution period, the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly, implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase process. The result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning, as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.     

Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter

As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the RO_x (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%–150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%–50% enhancements in the areas around 35–40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.