渤海湾潮滩不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃的分布

利用湿筛分离的方法,将采自渤海湾潮间带的沉积物分成0.063mm 3个不同的粒径组分,测定其16种EPA规定的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量、总有机碳(TOC)和碳黑(BC)含量.结果表明,不同粒径沉积物中∑PAHs含量范围在714~4870ng/g之间.在岐口(TS3)沉积物中,∑PAHs含量最高值出现在0.063mm粒径组分中.所有站点沉积物的0.031~0.063mm粒径组分中∑PAHs含量均为最低.尽管如此,有机碳标准化∑PAHs含量则随着沉积物粒径的增大呈现增加趋势.不同粒径沉积物中∑PAHs含量与BC含量之间呈现显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(OC=TOC-BC)含量之间的相关性较差.因此,不同粒径沉积物中BC的分布很可能在其中扮演着更重要的作用.     

广东柘林湾养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其生态风险

柘林湾是广东省养殖规模最大的海湾之一,为了解养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其可能产生的生态风险,于2008年1月在柘林湾海域采集了5个站位的柱状沉积物和3个站位的表层沉积物,对其中的总汞含量进行了测定,并对其含量分布、累积特征进行了分析.结果表明,柘林湾海域表层沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.0645μg·g-1,径流输入是其空间分布特征的主要影响因素;柱状沉积物表层部分总汞含量相对较低,但不同采样区域柱样中总汞含量的垂直分布却有着显著的差异,网箱养殖区主要是由于汞近40年来来源变小导致沉积物表层部分中的总汞含量较底层低,而贝类养殖区则由于沉积后的再迁移作用使汞在氧化还原边界层富集累积;利用潜在生态危害指数法和沉积物质量基准法对此次调查的沉积物中汞的潜在生态风险进行的评价表明,汞虽对底栖生物基本无负面效应,但其潜在生态风险程度达到了中等水平,尤其是养殖区2号站位28～36cm、4号站位20～32cm和48～56cm以及6号站位36～56cm柱样中的汞甚至达到了高的潜在生态风险程度.因此,养殖区次表层沉积物中较高含量的汞应当引起足够重视.     

2004—2008年辽东湾水质污染特征分析

根据2004—2008年5年对辽东湾各海域的监测数据,阐述了该海域水体营养盐和重金属的空间、季节分布特征规律,并对辽东湾海域的综合水质现状,海域营养结构及营养水平进行了评价.结果表明:基于Ⅰ类海水标准,辽东湾的主要污染指标为无机氮(DIN),局部海域出现活性磷酸盐(DIP)、铜、铅超标现象. 营养盐和重金属的空间分布趋势均为北部海域污染最重,东部海域污染最轻,污染主要集中在锦州、盘锦、营口海域,且这3个海域处于富营养化状态,随时可诱发赤潮. 营养盐质量浓度的季节变化趋势为平水期>丰水期>枯水期.      

渤海湾天津段海岸带水环境质量灰色关联度评价

以渤海湾天津段海岸带为例,对海岸带水环境质量评价指标和评价方法进行研究,在系统分析各种绝对灰色关联度计算方法的基础上,采用变权重的加权绝对灰色关联度计算方法,提出了基于灰色关联度的海岸带水环境质量评价方法.评价指标体系包括海岸带的物理、化学和生物指标,其中,化学指标可以选择COD_Mn,BOD₅,无机氮,磷酸盐和DO等,生物指标包括浮游植物多样性指数和叶绿素a浓度、浮游动物的多样性指数和均匀度指数、底栖生物多样性指数和丰富度指数.对渤海湾天津段海岸带的水环境评价结果表明:北部主要排污口———大沽口附近水环境质量面临威胁,水质呈Ⅲ~Ⅳ级;而中南部水质为Ⅱ级,远岸水环境质量良好,属于Ⅰ级.说明陆源活动影响是使水环境质量受损的主要原因.      

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THE MULLICA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The potential withdrawal of water from the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary is southern New Jersey prompted a joint study by biologists and engineers to determine the maximum supply of water that could be diverted from the basin without causing undue environmental impacts. The effect of removal of water from the basin over long periods of time was simulated by review of records of a severe drought. Based on analysis of streamflows and salinities during these drought conditions, minimum mean monthly streamflows were determined corresponding to the maximum salinities tolerable by the fish and shellfish communities, important sources of revenue and recreation in the region. A physically optimized, chance constrained linear programming model was developed for the conjunctive use of ground and surface waters. Adjusting water withdrawal from streamflow and groundwater sources according to physical and seasonal criteria would permit maximum use of the basin's resources, with no additional burden on the ecology of the estuary.     

Groundwater and Nutrient Discharge into Jiaozhou Bay,North China

The health of near shore marine ecosystems has long been a concern because of its importance to coastal areas. Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) is one such marine ecosystem experiencing rapid water quality degradation in the last several decades. From the area surrounding the bay, the nutrients discharged into the bay through surface water and groundwater has been greatly changed. The thickness of the aquifers and the permeability is relatively high, the concentrations of nutrients in the groundwater are generally high, and so the groundwater discharged into JZB is very significant. However, no attempt has ever been made to evaluate the amount of nutrients discharged into the bay area via groundwater. In this study, the cross-section method and water balance method were used to estimate the amount of groundwater and nutrients discharged into JZB via the subsurface. Groundwater was monitored and sampled at aquifers surrounding the bay area, and some previously available data was also analyzed. The results indicated that groundwater from the Baisha Aquifer east of JZB now is the major source of nutrients (nitrate, dissolved SiO₂) being discharged into the bay. The concentrations of nutrients in the groundwater have been increasing with intensive agricultural land use. However, Dagu Aquifer, the largest aquifer north of JZB, only provides limited nutrients to the bay area because of the construction of a low permeability subsurface dam. Historically, during the 1970s to the 1990s, the Baisha Aquifer experienced seawater intrusion due to excessive groundwater withdrawal. The same was true for the Dagu Aquifer from the 1980s to the 1990s. Because of this, no significant nutrients were discharged into the bay.     

近年来渤海湾赤潮监控区营养盐变化及其结构特征分析

根据2004~2006年进行的连续监测结果,分析、探讨了渤海湾赤潮监控区表层海水营养盐的污染现状、变化规律及其结构特征。结果表明:近年来,渤海湾赤潮监控区海域受到了DIP、DIN污染,水体处于严重的富营养化状态,且DIN的污染程度明显高于DIP;除个别项目外,渤海湾赤潮监控区以S4站营养盐含量最高,原因是S4站靠近河口,大量生活污水排放所致;在赤潮多发期,表层海水N、P、Si含量存在明显的月变化特征。6月份营养盐含量最低,8月份最高。年际变化表明:NH4-N的年际变化最为明显,表现为逐年递减的趋势,而SiO3-Si的年际变化最小。赤潮监控区DIN一直处于热力学平衡状态,NO3-N占DIN含量的57%~78%。近年来DIN/PO4-P和SiO3-Si/PO4-P逐年增加,而SiO3-Si/DIN则逐年降低。     

海洋沉积物对重金属吸附特性研究

以渤海湾北部海域沉积物为研究对象,研究其对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性。将沉积物分为不同粒级,通过吸附动力学、吸附突跃和吸附等温实验,探讨粒度、pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂初始浓度对重金属吸附的影响。结果表明,沉积物粒径越小,对重金属的吸附量越大;吸附平衡时间有所差异,但在1.5 h均能达到吸附平衡;吸附量均随pH值升高而逐渐增加,但铜的吸附较铅的吸附速度快;铜的吸附量与吸附剂初始浓度呈线性关系,而铅的吸附量在初始浓度较低时变化明显,随初始浓度增加吸附量增加减小;铜的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型,而铅吸附等温线符合Langmuir型,吸附类型存在差异。     

2007年春夏季锦州湾浮游植物群落结构特征

研究了2007年春季和夏季辽宁省锦州湾16个大面站网采浮游植物的群落结构特征。共检出浮游植物4门38属59种,在两个季节的调查中硅藻在物种数量和细胞丰度上占绝对优势。春季平均细胞丰度为5.44×104/m3,主要优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata;夏季平均细胞丰度为9.73×104/m3,主要优势种为扭链角毛藻Chaetoceros tortissimus和劳氏角毛藻C. lorenzianus。锦州湾春季细胞丰度高值区位于湾西部和东南部;夏季细胞丰度则呈现西高东低的分布趋势。两季节浮游植物的Shannon-W iener指数值均较高,表明锦州湾春夏季浮游植物群落结构较稳定。     

福建牙城湾海水、沉积物的环境特征及其质量评价

于2005年10月首次调查了福建牙城湾海域水体及沉积物的环境质量.结果表明,海水中主要超标污染物为PO4-P和DIN,其含量范围分别为0.029~0.037 mg/L和0.270~0.510 mg/L,其它指标均符合二类海水水质标准.沉积物中各项指标基本达到<海洋沉积物质量>的一类标准,其中Hg、Pb、Cu和Cd等四种重金属的平均含量分别为0.091×10-6、39.7×10-6、29.3×10-6和0.118 ×10-6,有机物和硫化物的平均含量分别为0.941×10-2和207 ×10-6.湾水水体已达到富营养状态,且N为限制因子.此外,对沉积物中重金属及其他环境因子间的相关性进行了分析.