菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质及植物生长的影响

通过室内实验模拟沉水植物季相交替过程,分析菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质变化影响,探讨菹草不同残体量腐解对金鱼藻生长的影响.结果表明,不同残体量条件下,金鱼藻均能将水体营养盐及有机质保持在相对较低水平,且实验第29 d后基本保持稳定,其中DTN0.514 mg·L-1,TN0.559 mg·L-1,TP0.080 mg·L-1,DTP0.014 mg·L-1,TOC13.94mg·L-1,Chl-a26.546 mg·L-1,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善效果明显,其中在20 g残体条件下处理效果较好,对水体TN、DTN、TP、TOC和Chl-a的去除率分别达到89.67%、52.51%、94.99%、55.59%和98.55%;不同残体量条件下金鱼藻的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量均比初始值增加,残体释放的营养盐促进了金鱼藻生长,在20 g残体条件下其对金鱼藻生长的促进作用最好.结果表明在水体含有20 g残体条件下,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善及植物生长的促进效果最显著.     

Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China

Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites （including temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow） were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity （ANPP） and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation （MAP） was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP （r^2 = 0.61, P 〈 0.01）; while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual preeipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.47, P = 0.01）; for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation （r^2 = 0.36, P = 0.02）; for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation （r^2 = 0.51, P 〈 0.01）; for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.29, P 〈 0.05）. In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.     

Sludge reduction with Tubificidae and the impact on the performance of the wastewater treatment process

To reduce excess sludge, a Tubificidae reactor was combined with an integrated oxidation ditch with vertical circle (IODVC), and a new integrated system was developed for wastewater treatment. A pilot-scale of this integrated system was tested to investigate the sludge reduction with Tubificidae and the impact on effluent quality and sludge production. The dominant worm was Branchnria Sowerbyi in the Tubificidae reactor after inoculation of Branchnria Sowerbyi and Limnodrilns sp., and the maximal volume density of wet Tubificidae in vessels of the Tubificidae reactor was 17600 g/m3. Two operational modes, treating the excess sludge (first mode) and the returned sludge (second mode) of IODVC by the Tubificidae reactor, were used in this experiment. The results showed that the excess sludge reduction rate was 46.4% in the first mode, and the average sludge yield of the integrated system was 6.19×10-5 kg SS/kg COD in the second mode. Though the sludge returned to IODVC via the Tubificidae reactor, it had little impact on the effluent quality and the sludge characteristics of the IODVC. No new type of recalcitrant substance in the supernatant was discharged into the environment when the sludge was treated by Tubificidae. The experimental results also indicated that no significant changes occurred on the viscosity, specific resistance, and the floc size distribution of the sludge.     

Determination of hypoxia and dietary copper mediated sub-lethal toxicity in carp, Cyprinus carpio, at different levels of biological organisation

Hypoxic events frequently occur in the aquatic environment in association with micro pollutants, including heavy metals. Only a few studies are however available on the uptake and biological responses of heavy metals under hypoxic conditions. To elucidate the phenomenon, mirror carp Cyprinus carpio L. (16.13-16.22 g) were exposed chronically to dietary copper (Cu; 250 and 500 mg kg dry wt.⁻¹) for 30 d under normoxic (8.25 mg O₂ L⁻¹) and hypoxic (∼3 mg O₂ L⁻¹) conditions and adopting an integrated approach, sub-lethal biomarker responses were determined at different levels of biological organisation. Level of oxidative DNA damage (as determined by modified Comet assay) showed strong significant difference following exposure to dietary Cu level under normoxic (1.6-fold) as well as under hypoxic condition at both Cu levels (2.1 and 2.5-folds respectively). Significant difference was also observed for haematological parameters (i.e. increased red and white blood cells, haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration). Quantitative histology revealed alterations in tissues (i.e. liver and gills) for hypoxic and all dietary Cu treatment groups under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions suggesting a compensatory response to these organs (p < 0.05). The order of Cu accumulation in tissues (as determined by ICP-OES) was liver > intestine > kidney > gill. Interestingly, SGR under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions reduced with elevating Cu levels (p = 0.019). Overall, the results provide evidence for enhanced toxicological responses in fish following exposure to Cu either alone or in combination with hypoxic condition and lends support to the evolving viewpoint that many water quality guidelines should be revisited in terms of new ecotoxicological criteria.     

紫外光催化氧化在污水处理厂除臭工程中的应用

通过采用合适的构筑物加盖形式,设计合理的换气次数,采用自行研制的紫外光催化氧化设备处理广东某污水处理厂产生的恶臭气体,运行结果表明:该设备具有除臭效率高、操作简单、阻力小及不产生二次污染的优良性能;该工艺对产生恶臭的物质均能达标排放,且占地少,投资省,适合用于城镇污水处理厂除臭工程,具有良好的经济效益和广阔的发展前景。     

东洞庭湖湿地景观变化研究

在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,对东洞庭湖1989和2001年两个时段的TM（ETM）卫星影像进行了遥感解译。应用景观生态学的理论和方法,对不同景观类型的斑块和面积大小、形状特征进行分析,计算了湿地景观多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度及斑块分形维数。定量分析和〖HJ〗研究了1989~2001年东洞庭湖湿地景观的动态变化,结果表明,由于泥沙淤积,东洞庭湖湿地的面积正在日益缩小,湿地景观多样性和均匀度下降,景观优势度和破碎化程度增加,说明东洞庭湖部分湿地景观逐渐从以小斑块、多种景观类型共同控制的景观格局向大斑块、类型较单一的景观格局演变。     

上海浦东新区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

上海浦东新区是我国快速城市化的典型地区,尤其1990~2001年,是浦东新区快速城市建设和扩展时期。依据1990、2001年两时相的卫星遥感数据,运用图像处理软件进行监督分类,提取了浦东新区两时相土地利用信息,分析了浦东新区1990~2001年土地利用变化特点和土地利用类型的转化特征,探讨土地利用的变化对生态环境的效应。研究表明：①11年间浦东新区农业用地和水体急剧减少,其中农业用地减少了58.16%,水体减少了 17.4%;②1990~2001年浦东新区城市扩展用地55%由农业用地转化而来,35.26%由水体转化而来;③土地利用的快速变化引发了水资源面积减少、水体污染加重和需水量增加,以及大气污染加重、大气温度上升和地面热中心面积扩大等生态环境问题。     

Fuelwood assessment at micro-watershed level in Northeast Himalaya:a case study in Manipur,India

Fuelwood is one of the major sources of energy in the domestic sector across the rural areas,especially in the developing regions across the world.The Northeastern Himalayan state of Manipur is dominated by the tribal population that largely depends on fuelwood from the nearby forest area.The entire dependence on forests for energy resources is affecting the sustainability of the forest ecosystem in the region,thus indicating the livelihood conditions.Since land-use land-cover change is the key driver to the change in resource availability of a region,the present study has tried to analyze the landcover changes over a period 28 years.The second major component affecting resource availability is the increasing population pressure that leads to changes in the land dynamics,which directly affect the resource production.Based on the existing consumption pattern,the total consumption of fuelwood in the watershed ranges fiom a minimum of 289.992 tons/year to a maximum of 3545.719 tons/year with an average of 1561.956 tons/year in the year 2009 and simulated fuelwood consumption for the year 2021 is around 1469.260 tons/year.Nine different probable scenarios of resource are proposed to calculate the stress value that can be used by the policy-makers and planners for suitable policy implementation at the micro level with a complex social system.     

基于生命周期评价的光伏产业技术进步与经济成本分析

为了对光伏产业的环境影响、技术进步、经济成本进行系统分析,采用生命周期评价对光伏产业环境影响进行量化分析;基于评价结果,构建光伏产业技术进步评价模型并计算技术进步率;将光伏产业生产设备投资额结合环境影响评价结果计算成本下降率,同时梳理近年来的光伏电价补贴政策,计算补贴下降率;最后将光伏产业技术进步与经济成本进行综合分析。结果表明：生产1 kWp多晶硅光伏组件时光伏产业的环境影响潜值为83.83 Pt,高纯多晶硅、硅片、电池片和组件的环境影响潜值占比分别为43.05%、16.24%、14.84%和25.87%;以2016年为基准年,2017—2020年光伏产业技术进步率分别为5.20%、8.98%、12.48%和20.91%,成本下降率分别为−5.81%、−21.05%、−25.23%和−32.63%,补贴下降率分别为−15.60%、−30.36%、−40.46%和−51.33%;同期光伏补贴下降率大于技术进步率和成本下降率,技术进步速度和成本下降速度在2017年后较为同步,反映了补贴下降在一定程度上能够倒逼企业采用更先进的技术以降低成本。

     

The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.