浑河底泥微生物群落的季节性变化特征

为了解河流底泥微生物群落结构的季节性变化,利用PCR-DGGE技术对丰水期、平水期、枯水期浑河底泥中的微生物进行指纹图谱分析,并对优势条带进行测序和系统发育分析. 结果表明:浑河底泥微生物群落结构存在一定的时空异质性,在空间上可分为上游抚顺市地区(1~5号采样点)、中游沈阳市地区(6~11号采样点)和下游乡镇地区(12~14号采样点);平水期、枯水期、丰水期Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为3.04~3.88、2.66~3.66、3.04~3.45. 抚顺市地区和沈阳市地区不同水期底泥微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数差异较大,而乡镇地区则无明显变化趋势;平水期和枯水期底泥微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从上游至下游呈先升后降趋势,而丰水期上、下游微生物多样性差异较小. 底泥微生物中以变形菌(Proteobacteria)最多,其次是拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)和蓝藻菌(Cyanobacteria);而平水期优势种群数量最多. 研究显示,人类活动及丰水期对底泥微生物多样性有较大影响,掌握河流底泥微生物分布有助于深入了解河流物质的代谢过程.      

我国季风区5 ka BP气候事件

5.0 ka BP前后全球普遍经历了一次快速的降温事件,对世界范围内很多地区的环境产生了显著影响。本文利用公开发表的有高精度年代控制的、高分辨率石笋和湖沼沉积记录,系统回顾了5 ka BP气候事件在我国不同地区的降雨表现。这次气候事件在我国季风区不同区域都有记录,其中在季风区北方和青藏高原地区记录的最为清楚,体现为显著的干旱。事件起始于5.6—5.5 ka BP,在5.0 ka BP左右达到峰值,其后快速回升。5 ka BP气候事件对我国新石器文化的发展产生了重要影响。太阳辐射减少导致的赤道辐合带南移和大西洋经向翻转环流减弱导致的亚洲夏季风减弱可能驱动了此次气候事件。然而,不同地区、特别是南方地区的不同记录在此次事件的表现形式和开始时间有所差异。云南和湖北的泥炭记录显示此次事件为突变事件,发生于4.7—4.9 ka BP,不同于其他地质记录的渐变状态。未来还需加强在南方地区,特别是华东地区重建涵盖5 ka BP气候事件的有绝对定年的高分辨率可靠降雨记录。进一步厘清这些记录的差异是由于不同气候代用指标和记录分辨率的不同以及测年误差导致的,还是对气候事件的响应存在着区域差异。     

Satellite image analysis of human caused changes in the tundra vegetation around the city of Vorkuta,north-European Russia

In this paper we present what kind of human impacted changes can be found in dwarf birch (Betula nana) dominated shrub tundra vegetation around the large industrial complex of Vorkuta in the north-European Russian tundra. Using fieldwork data and Landsat TM satellite image we could identify two impact zones: (1) Pollution zone (150-200 km2). In this zone most of the lichen species are absent. Changes in vegetation communities' species composition in all main plant groups are obvious. Willows especially are more dominant than in the unpolluted sites. (2) Slight pollution/disturbance zone (600-900 km2). Here vegetation changes are mainly similar but less so than the changes in the first zone. Particularly, the amount of herbs and grasses is increased when compared to unpolluted areas. The pollution zones are spatially connected to the main emission sources in the area. Zones spread furthest to the northeast, matching the prevailing winds during winter.     

Tree-ring analysis for the assessment of anthropogenic changes and trends

Investigation of Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)annual radial increment (width of annual tree rings) was carriedout in the surroundings of one of the largest pollution sources inLithuania – Jonava Nitrogen Fertilizers Plant. The main objectiveof investigation was to analyse different sides of anthropogenictransformations of tree-ring series in the polluted environment:changes in tree growth intensity; variance changes in tree-ringseries; changes in the relations with natural external factors.Three different periods of tree reaction to the environmentalpollution were singled out – fertilization period, depressionperiod and recovery period since annual emissions were essentiallyreduced. The variance of tree-ring series has increased severaltimes in the polluted environment. Reaction of trees to the impactof climatic factors (temperature, precipitation) has changedsignificantly in the polluted environment and their sensitivity hasalso increased.     

Quantifying Land-Use Alterations and Associated Hydrologic Impacts at a Wetland Area by Using Remote Sensing and Modeling Techniques

Land use changes and associated hydrologic disturbances, mainly caused by human activities, is a common reason for wetlands degradation worldwide. The particular scientific effort utilized remotely sensed data, GIS techniques and hydrologic modeling to estimate land use alterations during a 40-years period as well as associated changes in hydrologic parameters such as overland and underground flow, infiltration, evapotranspiration and water storages on ground surface. The results indicated significant variations in the hydrologic regime including a 6% increase in the annual evapotranspiration and a 10% increase in the soil water deficit that impose substantial impacts on the regional wetlands.     

Molecular Weight Changes and Polymeric Matrix Changes Correlated with the Formation of Degradation Products in Biodegraded Polyethylene

The molecular weight changes in abiotically and biotically degraded LDPE and LDPE modified with starch and/or prooxidant were compared with the formation of degradation products. The samples were thermooxidized for 6 days at 100°C to initiate degradation and then either inoculated with Arthobacter paraffineus or kept sterile. After 3.5 years homologous series of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and ketoacids were identified by GC-MS in abiotic samples, while complete disappearance of these acids was observed in biotic environments. The molecular weights of the biotically aged samples were slightly higher than the molecular weights of the corresponding abiotically aged samples, which is exemplified by the increase in from 5200 g/mol for a sterile sample with the highest amount of prooxidant to 6000 g/mol for the corresponding biodegraded sample. The higher molecular weight in the biotic environment is explained by the assimilation of carboxylic acids and low molecular weight polyethylene chains by microorganisms. Assimilation of the low molecular weight products is further confirmed by the absence of carboxylic acids in the biotic samples. Fewer carbonyls and more double bonds were seen by FTIR in the biodegraded samples, which is in agreement with the biodegradation mechanism of polyethylene.     

Revised estimates and projections of down syndrome births in the United States,and the effects of prenatal diagnosis utilization, 1970–2002

The objectives of this study were to: (1) calculate revised estimates and projections of United States annual Down syndrome (DS) births for 1970–2002, and (2) estimate the effects of amniocentesis on these baseline DS birth projections. Three models of amniocentesis utilization among 30–34 and ≧ 35-year-old women were considered. The recently revised Census Bureau birth projections, and new single year maternal age DS risk rates estimated from a 1970–1983 Ohio data set, were used. Data from all three Census Bureau projection series were analysed; series II was considered in depth since it is consistent with recent fertility levels. Assuming no use of amniocentesis, total estimated DS births dropped from about 4770 in 1970 to 4120 in 1980 (a 14 per cent decline), but are projected to a plateau of about 5100 by the year 1990 (a 24 per cent increase). DS births to women ≧ 35 would increase dramatically from about 1050 in 1980 to 1900 in 2000 (an 81 per cent increase). Assuming 1983 Ohio prenatal diagnosis ratios for women aged 30–34 (1.7 per cent) and ≧ 35 (23.4 per cent) are used nationally, an annual reduction of about 7 per cent of DS births in 1986 and 9 per cent in 2002 would result. Fifty and 70 per cent utilization among women 30–34 and 235, respectively, would reduce DS births by about 33 per cent in 1986 and 38 per cent in 2002. Therefore, if the projected increase in DS births is to be averted, utilization of prenatal diagnosis by ≧ 30-year-old women must increase substantially.     

苍洱地区居址环境的历史变迁

根据民族学和考古学资料进行的综合研究，可将苍洱地区居址环境划为４个历史变迁时期：４０００多年前的先民们居住在沿海拔２５００～２２００米一线的一些向阳避风的苍山台地上。海拔２２００～２０００米一线的苍山脚下为汉晋时期先民们的聚居点。海拔２０００米左右，沿滇藏公路一线的白族村落大致在唐宋南诏大理国时期形成。海拔１９７５米左右，今洱海边的白族村落大多数在元明清时期形成。其趋势是从高处往低处下移，随苍山上升，洱海水位下降，利用滩地形成新的居民群。其形成的间隔时间越来越短，加强洱海保护是迫切的任务。     

简易瞬态工况下汽油车挥发性有机物在线排放特征研究

机动车是大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的重要排放源之一,识别其高分辨率排放特征对于VOCs污染控制具有重要意义.针对现有研究对不同行驶状态下机动车VOCs排放特征精细化描述较为缺乏这一问题,本研究构建了在线与离线相结合的VOCs测量系统,采用底盘测功机运行的简易瞬态工况（VMAS）,对广州市36辆不同排放标准的汽油车尾气VOCs高分辨率排放特征开展在线测量.实时观测结果发现,随着国标加严,VOCs排放至少下降2个数量级.庚烷、丁烯、甲苯、甲醛和甲醇为各类VOCs的特征组分,各组分间的相关系数普遍在0.90~0.97之间.然而,随着国标加严,组分间的相关系数下降到0.20~0.94,醇类与其它组分出现负相关或无相关性.VOCs排放分布集中于变速阶段,高于怠速和匀速阶段所占的比重,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮等含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）在不同变速阶段维持较高且稳定的排放.这说明在城市地区降低机动车VOCs排放,长期任务是减少因拥堵或其它因素造成的频繁启动和变速,尽可能确保行驶畅通.本研究在线与离线测试所识别的VOCs组分比对结果一致性较高,在线仪器的使用较好地弥补了离线测试识别VOCs实时排放特征的局限性.     

北京市大气环境PM2.5和PM1及其碳质组分季节变化特征及来源分析

大气颗粒物是影响我国大多数城市环境空气质量的首要污染物,近年来随着监测技术的进步和采样设备的改进,相关研究对象逐渐从大粒径的PM_10、PM_(2.5)转移到更小粒径的PM_1上.碳质组分是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分.以北京市为研究区域,选取2016年7月、10月及2017年1月、4月作为4个季节的代表月,对大气环境中的PM_(2.5)和PM_1进行采集,分析了二者的质量浓度和季节变化特征.采用两层嵌套气象-空气质量模型系统(WRF-CMAQ)耦合模型对采样时段进行了模拟,分析观测期间PM_(2.5)和PM_1的来源贡献,并使用因子分析法解析了碳质组分的来源.结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_1的质量浓度均呈现春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节递增的趋势;PM_1是PM_(2.5)中的主要组成,而且秋冬季节随着灰霾发生频率的增加,PM_1质量浓度占PM_(2.5)的比值明显升高;北京市大气环境中存在明显的二次污染,且SOC更容易在粒径更小的PM_1中积聚.散煤燃烧、机动车尾气排放、居民面源及生物质燃烧排放是北京市大气颗粒物的重要贡献来源;汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放是北京市大气颗粒物中碳质组分的主要来源.