1995～2000年河西走廊土地利用变化研究

目前,人类面临的许多环境问题都与土地利用/覆被变化有关。利用1995和2000年两个时期的Landsat5的4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像的解译结果,采用中国科学院资源环境数据库中的全国1∶100000土地资源利用分类系统,基于GIS软件平台ArcInfo7.1中文版对河西走廊近5年来的土地利用变化进行了研究。结果表明,近5年来,河西走廊发生了大规模的土地利用变化:①土地利用类型斑块数量和总边缘长度基本呈增加之势,表明研究区内景观的破碎程度增加;②土地利用结构变化表现出耕地、林地和建设用地有明显增加,水域、草地和未利用地都呈减少趋势,反映出区域城镇化进程的加快和生态环境恶化的趋势;③土地利用变化的区域差异明显,表现为地处河西走廊西段的酒(泉)嘉(峪关)地区以耕地、林地、水域和建设用地增加,未利用地和草地减少为主要变化特点,走廊中段的张掖市以耕地、林地和建设用地增加,草地、水域和未利用地减少为主要变化特点,走廊东段的武(威)金(昌)地区以耕地和建设用地增加,草地和水域减少为主要变化特点。     

Sensitivity of the Structural Characteristics of Tree Rings to Climatic Changes in Different Climatypes of Scotch Pine

Radial increment and tree-ring structure were studied in the progenies of 16 climatypes growing in the southern taiga subzone. The coefficients of correlation between tree-ring parameters of the local and other climatypes were as high as 0.7–0.9, and the synchronism coefficients were higher than 0.7. Climatypes of northern origin were an exception. The sensitivity of the parameters of the tree-ring late wood decreased with an increase in the latitude at which the seeds for establishing the cultures were collected. Estimation of Euclidean distances in the space of tree-ring parameters showed that the northern climatypes differed from the southern taiga types by no more than 15%. The climatypes from the middle taiga and the forest–steppe exhibited smaller differences (10–11%).     

气候变化下中国粮食和水资源的风险分析

介绍了全球气候变化对环境经济影响的复杂性研究的基本框架及模型,给出了用这些模型对中国经济安全模拟的结果。结果表明,全球气候变化条件下,若不考虑不确定性,中国的粮食安全是可以保证的;若考虑不确定性,则在最严重的情况下,中国未来的粮食生产存在7％－8％的缺口。采用最大强度开源的方法,在全球气候变化和保持原有产业结构的条件下,要实现我国2030年的经济目标是不行的。但是,通过调整产业结构,降低单位产出水耗,在保证水资源安全的条件下则是可行的。     

基于经济发展阶段理论的土地利用变化研究——以广西江州区为例

土地利用在不同的经济发展阶段表现出不同特点。广西江州区属于我国西部经济欠发达地区,经济发展正处于工业化初期的起步阶段,土地利用变化特点主要表现为:以农业生产用地和生态用地竞争为主,耕地变化是土地利用变化的主要内容;建设用地低效、缓慢增长,农村居民点增长面积占较大比重;人均农村居民点面积逐渐增加。以1978-2002年的统计数据为基础,用主成分分析和回归分析相结合,对耕地面积变化的驱动力进行了研究,结果表明:人口增长、经济发展和土地管理使得耕地面积不断增长,收入和消费的提高以及农业产业结构调整导致耕地面积减少。发达地区的发展历程表明,经济高速发展必然引起农地快速非农化,江州区在土地利用中,必须注意节约用地,保护耕地,减少土地资源浪费,防止环境污染,实现区域土地的可持续利用。     

Assessment of National Parks affected by naturbanization processes in Southern Europe

This paper assesses land-use changes related to naturbanization processes on three biosphere reserves in Southern Europe. A comparative analysis has been done on the National Parks in Peneda-Gerês in North Portugal, Cévennes in South France and Sierra Nevada in South Spain, using Corine Land Cover data from 1990 until 2006. Results indicate that the process of land-use intensification is taking place in the frame of naturbanization dynamics that could jeopardize the role of Protected Areas. Focusing on the trends faced by National Parks and their surrounding territories, the analysis demonstrates, both in quantitative and spatial terms, the intensification processes of land-use changes and how it is important to know them for coping with increasing threats. The article concludes that in the current context of increasing stresses, a broader focus on nature protection, encompassing the wider countryside, is needed if the initiatives for biodiversity protection are to be effective.     

Interconversions and toxicity changes in hexachlorocyclohexane isomers on dispersion in water

Abstract

Studies on the transformations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐, in aqueous solution were carried out at 25 ± 1°C over a period of four weeks. Gas liquid chromatographic technique was used for analysis. The results indicated a loss as well as interconversion of all the four isomers with time. The resulting changes in toxicity of the aqueous solution were studied against Drosophila using topical application. Toxicity studies with aqueous solution of technical hexachlorocyclohexane were simultaneously carried out for comparison. Toxicity of the aqueous solutions of α‐, β‐, and δ ‐isomers showed an increase while that of the γ‐isomer decreased significantly during the four week experimental period. Aqueous solution of technical HCH was equally toxic as that of the γ‐isomer initially and did not show much decrease in its toxicity at the end. Changes in toxicity of the individual isomer solutions were considered to be due, in part, to interconversions of HCH isomers.     

浅谈如何选择温湿度箱

主要阐述了电子设备应用于不同场所,遇到的各种复杂的环境因素、;如高温、高湿、低温等,这些环境因素的存在将影响电子信息产品的可靠性,本文简要介绍了如何选用温湿度箱。     

Contribution to biomonitoring of some trace metals by deciduous tree leaves in urban areas

Leaves of the deciduous tree species, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) were used as accumulative biomonitors of trace metal pollution in the urban area of Belgrade. Using differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry, trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the single leaf level (ten leaves per species, per month), during two successive years with markedly different atmospheric level of trace metals. Increased trace metal concentrations in the leaves of A. hippocastanum reflected elevated atmospheric trace metal pollution, whereas C. colurna L. did not respond accordingly. The contents of Pb and Zn in soil over the same period also followed this trend. Anatomical analyses, in young as well as in old leaves of both species, indicated typical foliar injuries of plants exposed to stressful air conditions. Water relations that correspond to leaf age may have contributed to the considerable trace metal accumulation in leaves.     

Assessing the effects of land use changes on soil sensitivity to erosion in a highland ecosystem of semi-arid Turkey

There has been increasing concern in highlands of semiarid Turkey that conversion of these systems results in excessive soil erosion, ecosystem degradation, and loss of sustainable resources. An increasing rate of land use/cover changes especially in semiarid mountainous areas has resulted in important effects on physical and ecological processes, causing many regions to undergo accelerated environmental degradation in terms of soil erosion, mass movement and reservoir sedimentation. This paper, therefore, explores the impact of land use changes on land degradation in a linkage to the soil erodibility, RUSLE-K, in Cankiri–Indagi Mountain Pass, Turkey. The characterization of soil erodibility in this ecosystem is important from the standpoint of conserving fragile ecosystems and planning management practices. Five adjacent land uses (cropland, grassland, woodland, plantation, and recreational land) were selected for this research. Analysis of variance showed that soil properties and RUSLE-K statistically changed with land use changes and soils of the recreational land and cropland were more sensitive to water erosion than those of the woodland, grassland, and plantation. This was mainly due to the significant decreases in soil organic matter (SOM) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) in those lands. Additionally, soil samples randomly collected from the depths of 0–10 cm (D ₁) and 10–20 cm (D ₂) with irregular intervals in an area of 1,200 by 4,200 m sufficiently characterized not only the spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), hydraulic conductivity (HC), clay (C), silt (Si), sand (S) and silt plus very fine sand (Si + VFS) but also the spatial distribution of RUSLE-K as an algebraically estimate of these parameters together with field assessment of soil structure to assess the dynamic relationships between soil properties and land use types. In this study, in order to perform the spatial analyses, the mean sampling intervals were 43, 50, 64, 78, 85 m for woodland, plantation, grassland, recreation, and cropland with the sample numbers of 56, 79, 72, 13, and 69, respectively, resulting in an average interval of 64 m for whole study area. Although nugget effect and nugget effect–sill ratio gave an idea about the sampling design adequacy, the better results are undoubtedly likely by both equi-probable spatial sampling and random sampling representative of all land uses.     

湖北省2005-2009年生态环境状况评价分析

利用遥感解译数据分析了湖北省2005—2009年的土地利用变化,同时根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T 192—2006),对该区域生态环境状况进行综合评价,对生态环境指标变化情况进行对比分析。结果表明,2005—2009年湖北省的生态环境状况均为良好,生态环境状况指数保持在70左右。这期间指数值变化主要受水网密度指数和环境质量指数影响,变化幅度均小于2,属于无明显变化级别。