连续弯道平面二维温排水的数值模拟

温排水问题为环境水力学的典型研究课题,研究温排水运动水域的流场温度场分布情况,无论是对温排水工程规划设计,防止热污染,还是对生态环境保护等都具有重要的科学意义。采用曲线坐标系下平面二维数学模型对连续弯道温排水问题进行了数值模拟,通过相同流速比下连续弯道中3种不同排放形式(左岸、右岸和中心排放)温度等值线图的比较,相同排放形式不同流速比时温度等值线图的比较,表明建立的数学模型能合理反映温排水运动规律,可以用于温排水运动的模拟。     

区域大型环境空气综合观测中外场观测与实验室分析数据质量控制研究

环境监测的质量保证是监测数据准确性、可比性的重要保障.在区域大气联合观测项目中,完善的质量保证体系应包括管理机制和技术措施两部分,但目前我国对这类项目质量保证尚无统一标准.针对大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目（简称"大气攻关项目"）外场观测任务量大、承担单位多、监测项目复杂的特点,为保证观测数据的质量,避免出现由于监测和质控方法不统一造成的数据可比性差、结果矛盾的问题,提出了大气攻关项目质量保证体系和管理机制.其中,质量保证体系包括制定总体要求（技术文件、监测项目及质控要求）、外场观测质量保证（内部质量管理体系、项目外场观测质量保证体系）、实验室分析质量保证（实验室遴选、项目实验室分析多级质量保证体系、实验室比对和飞行检查）和数据质量控制（数据线上审核、项目实验室分析质控报告、项目数据质量评价）4个方面.管理机制为项目管理办公室、质控实验室和承担单位三级主体,两级监督的分级管理模式.通过项目实践,项目质量保证体系达到了保证观测数据准确性、可比性的预期效果,为揭示区域雾霾形成机理、突破污染控制关键技术提供了有力的技术支持,同时为区域大气联合观测项目的数据质量保证提供了借鉴.      

福建省龙海市土地利用空间分布影响因子的尺度效应分析

土地利用在不同的规模尺度上具有不同的特征,某个研究尺度上的影响因子可能在其它尺度上并不发生作用。论文运用统计方法与GIS技术从自然环境、社会经济以及基础设施条件各方面分析福建省龙海市土地利用空间分布影响因素及其尺度效应。综合考虑9种主要的土地利用方式和23个候选影响因子,其中土地利用数据来自2000年11∶0000土地利用详查数据,地形数据来自15∶0000DEM,而社会经济统计数据如人口分布来自以乡镇为统计单元的统计年鉴,因此必须根据其空间分布与影响因子的关系进行空间化处理。采用的基本研究单元为100m×100m,在此基础上生成200m×200m,300m×300m～2000m×2000m多个空间尺度序列数据图层。通过分别构建不同聚合规模上的土地利用空间分布驱动模型,探讨了福建省龙海市土地利用空间分布影响因子的尺度规模效应。研究表明,不仅模型的解释能力会随聚合规模发生变化,影响因子本身及其影响系数也随研究尺度发生不同程度的变化,呈现出显著的尺度依赖性规律。龙海市主要地类受坡度、海拔高程等地形条件的严格限制,而地形因素是不容易随时间发生改变的,因此自然条件优越的地区适合多种用地类型,因而将是用地矛盾的焦点。     

Slope,aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland

The slope and aspect of a vegetated surface strongly affects the amount of solar radiation intercepted by that surface. Solar radiation is the dominant component of the surface energy balance and influences ecologically critical factors of microclimate, including near-surface temperatures, evaporative demand and soil moisture content. It also determines the exposure of vegetation to photosynthetically active and ultra-violet wavelengths. Spatial variation in slope and aspect is therefore a key determinant of vegetation pattern, species distribution and ecosystem processes in many environments. Slope and aspect angle may vary considerably over distances of a few metres, and fine-scale species’ distribution patterns frequently follow these topographic patterns. The availability of suitable microclimate at such scales may be critical for the response of species distributions to climatic change at much larger spatial scales. However, quantifying the relevant microclimatic gradients is not straightforward, as the potential variation in solar radiation flux under clear-sky conditions is modified by local and regional variations in cloud cover, and interacts with long-wave radiation exchange, local meteorology and surface characteristics.     

Experimental study of recirculating flows generated by lateral shock waves in very large channels

Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around the separated boundary layer.     

聚环氧琥珀酸钠阻碳酸钙垢性能研究

研究了聚环氧琥珀酸钠在不同因素下的阻碳酸钙性能。实验结果表明 ,聚环氧琥珀酸钠具有较高的阻垢性能和较好的热稳定性 ,在高钙离子浓度、高温水系统中长时间停留对碳酸钙仍有较强的抑制作用。     

C9-AA水溶性石油树脂的制备及其阻垢性能

以乙烯生产过程中的副产物C9馏分和丙烯酸为原料,采用自由基溶液聚合,合成具有阻垢性能的C9-AA水溶性石油树脂。考察了引发剂AIBN和溶剂的加入量、C9-AA加入量、Ca^2＋浓度、循环冷却水pH和养护时间对C9-AA水溶性石油树脂阻垢性能的影响,并对其阻垢效果进行了评价。在Ca^2＋质量浓度小于或等于600mg／L、循环冷却水pH小于或等于9．3、C9-AA水溶性石油树脂加入量大于或等于15mg／L的条件下,C9—AA水溶性石油树脂对循环冷却水的阻垢率达到90％以上,其有效作用时间为60h。     

自催化法合成聚天冬氨酸

以马来酸酐和乙酸铵为原料,在微波条件下用自催化法合成了聚天冬氨酸（PASP）。通过正交实验确定了最佳合成条件：n（乙酸铵）：n（马来酸酐）=1．2,微波功率为1200W,反应时间为10min。在最佳合成条件下,PASP的收率为91．6％,PASP的黏均相对分子质量约为1．5×10^4。经红外光谱表征和核磁共振氢谱测试结果表明,PASP的各种主要官能团表现明显。当Ca^2＋质量浓度为250mg／L、PASP加入量为3mg／L时,PASP的阻垢率达到95％,表明PASP具有较好的阻垢性能。     

浅谈我校生态综合实验室的合理利用和管理

我校生态综合实验室由实验室、仪器设备储藏室和教师预备室组成。本文针对该实验室在运行中由于教学任务的逐年增加导致的实验室软硬件建设相对滞后等问题,在实验室的管理建设方面提出了提高综合利用率等建议。     

Effective EU and Member State policies for stimulating CCS

Although CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is widely recognised as an option to mitigate climate change, consistent and effective EU policies to advance CCS are still absent. This paper discusses policy instruments for advancing large-scale deployment of CCS in the European Union, and evaluates them in a multi-criteria analysis. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is a cost-effective instrument for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, but it is questionable whether its currently limited time horizon and short-trading periods will lead to substantial CCS diffusion. Complementary policies at the EU and the Member State level may repair this and provide sufficient incentives for CCS. Potential policies include financial instruments such as investment subsidies, a feed-in scheme, or a CO₂ price guarantee, as well as a CCS mandate or a low-carbon portfolio. These policy options differ with respect to their environmental effectiveness, possible interaction with the EU-ETS, costs and financial risk involved, and their competition with other mitigation options. Interactions between Member State policies and the EU-ETS are smaller in scope than those of EU-wide policies, but they are more likely to lead to displacement of financial resources from other low-carbon technologies. In addition, national policies may pose a significant part of the financial risk of CCS operations with Member States, reducing the operator's incentive to innovate. Overall, structural policies at the EU level, such as a mandate or a low-carbon portfolio standard would be more conducive for realising large-scale deployment of CCS across the EU as well as more acceptable to environmental organisations.