应用人工阶梯 深潭系统治理泥石流沟的尝试

泥石流的主要破坏性在于其能量巨大,输送大量物质造成生命财产损失,消耗泥石流的起动及运动能量能防止泥石流发生或使泥石流的破坏性大大降低,为泥石流治理提供了新的思路。通过在甘肃西汉水流域的泥石流支沟拦山沟进行人工阶梯 深潭系统试验,2009~2010年汛期观测发现阶梯 深潭系统能增强沟道阻力,抬高侵蚀基准面,从而控制侵蚀下切,且多级的阶梯 深潭系统通过跌水和水跃能有效消散水流能量,在一定程度上抑制了泥石流的起动和加速,使得泥石流在阶梯上游停留堆积,淤满的阶梯在河床纵剖面仍能保持阶梯形态,起到增强阻力消能的作用,减小了拦山沟泥石流对下游的破坏。消能结构对大坡度山区河流起重要作用,不论是人工消能结构还是自然消能结构,都能起到增阻消能的作用,对山区河流治理起到积极的作用     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

能源重工业区大气环境容量与大气环境整治研究

利用不同风速出现频率条件下的箱式扩散模型对龙门能源重工业区的大气环境容量进行计算,SO2的环境容量为21097.72ta,TSP的环境容量为63293.15ta。运用资料收集法和成果参照法分别统计有组织排放的污染物量和计算无组织排放的污染物量,SO2为13728.79ta,TSP为68555.97ta。小风及静风条件下SO2的大气环境容量利用率为71.2%,TSP的大气环境容量利用率为108.1%;大风条件下SO2的大气环境容量利用率为30.1%,TSP的大气环境容量利用率为109.6%。研究结果表明,在不同的风速条件下,污染情况有所不同。SO2主要是有组织排放,其容量相对剩余量为7368.93ta。TSP已经超容量,大风条件下,煤堆起尘、裸露地面扬尘是主要的污染源;小风条件下,大气污染由无组织扬尘和有组织排放共同作用。针对园区存在的环境问题,提出相应的大气环境整治措施。     

面波测试在汶川强震区土体损伤调查中的应用

汶川地震后,确定地震对岩土体扰动的范围和损伤程度,是预测震后次生山地灾害演化趋势,以及制定道路修复加固工程对策的重要依据。面波勘察是通过获取剪切波速变化情况,推断土体扰动范围的快捷手段。本文在位于汶川地震强震区的213国道都汶段内的2个边坡工点和3个路堤工点,布设6个测段进行了高精度面波浅层地震勘查。结果表明:①9度和10度地震烈度区土体扰动的深度无明显差别;②在汶川地震强震区,人工填筑的路堤工程所造成的强扰动区深度不小于5 m,自然土体造成的强扰动区深度为0~5 m;③路堤工程表面填、挖交界处的损伤明显。上述结论可供灾后道路修复工程设计中确定边坡加固深度和路堤翻挖深度时参考。     

SNOTEL,the Soil Climate Analysis Network,and water supply forecasting at the Natural Resources Conservation Service: Past,present, and future

The Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting (SSWSF) Program and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) of the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) generate key observational and predictive information for water managers. Examples include mountain climate and snow monitoring through manual snow surveys and the SNOw TELemetry (SNOTEL) and SNOtel LITE networks, in situ soil moisture data acquisition through the SCAN and SNOTEL networks, and water supply forecasting using river runoff prediction models. The SSWSF Program has advanced continuously over the decades and is a major source of valuable water management information across the western United States, and the SCAN network supports agricultural and other water users nationwide. Product users and their management goals are diverse, and use-cases range from guiding crop selection to seasonal flood risk assessment, drought monitoring and prediction, avalanche and fire prediction, hydropower optimization, tracking climate variability and change, environmental management, satisfying international treaty and domestic legal requirements, and more. Priorities going forward are to continue innovating to enhance the accuracy and completeness of the observational and model-generated data products these programs deliver, including expanded synergies with the remote sensing community and uptake of artificial intelligence while maintaining long-term operational reliability and consistency at scale.     

Comparative Water Quality of Lightly- and Moderately-Impacted Streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA

For less-developed regions like the Blue Ridge Mountains, data are limited that link basin-scale land use with stream quality. Two pairs of lightly-impacted (90–100% forested) and moderately-impacted (70–80% forested) sub-basins of the upper Little Tennessee River basin in the southern Blue Ridge were identified for comparison. The pairs contain physically similar stream reaches, chosen for the purpose of isolating forest conversion as a potential driver of any detected differences in water quality. Streams were sampled during baseflow conditions twice monthly over a six-month period from September 2003 through February 2004. Parametric t-tests were run for each parameter measured between the lightly-and moderately-impacted streams within each pair. Statistically significantly higher mean values of suspended and dissolved solids, nitrate, specific conductivity, turbidity, and temperature were observed in the moderately impacted streams versus the lightly impacted streams in both pairs, while dissolved oxygen levels were lower in the moderately-impacted streams. No significant differences were demonstrated in orthophosphate or ammonium concentration. A near-bankfull runoff event on February 6, 2004, was sampled for stormflow values, and the results support baseflow findings. The water quality of these streams is very good when compared with lower relief areas like the Piedmont, and none of the parameters measured in this study exceeds levels of known threat to stream biota. However, the demonstration that moderate reductions in forest cover are associated with stream water quality degradation carries important implications for stream management in this rapidly developing mountainous region.     

广东省部分高海拔地区表层土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的高山冷凝结效应

采用梅花布点法采样,气相色谱-电子捕获检测法分析,对广东省两处高海拔地区表层土壤中OCPs(有机氯农药)和PCBs(多氯联苯)进行研究.结果表明,罗浮山表层土壤中w(OCPs)和w(PCBs)分别为3.77~9.51和1.85~4.06 ng/g,最大值分别出现在海拔888和824 m.南岭表层土壤中w(OCPs)和w(PCBs)分别为1.47~2.23和1.15~2.49 ng/g,最大值均出现在海拔1 900 m.在表层土壤中大部分目标化合物的浓度随着海拔的增高而增加,表现出较为明显的高山冷凝结现象,累积规律基本上符合Mountain-POP模型.但由于研究区域与Mountain-POP模型假设区域有地理环境和气象条件的差异,一些化合物的高山冷凝结规律与Mountain-POP模型存在一定差异,该现象应为所研究地区不同的自然环境因素所致.化合物本身的理化性质和研究区域的自然条件因素可影响持久性有机污染物的迁移、累积效果.      

Ecology,ecological poverty and sustainable development in Central Himalayan region of India

The people inhabiting the mountains of the Central Himalayan region of India are heavily dependent on their immediate natural resources for their survival. However, this resource-poor mountain ecosystem is gradually becoming unable to provide a minimum standard of living to its continually growing population. In this ecosystem, human population is doubling every 27–30 years, against the declining resource base, particularly forests. Forest are disappearing both quantitatively and qualitatively. Against the requirement of 18 ha of forest land to maintain production in 1 ha of cultivated land, the ratio of forests to cultivated land is only 1.33: 1. The present production from grasslands supports 8 units of livestock, against the ideal 2 units, and the gap between the demand and deficit of fodder is more than 5-fold. Loss of vegetative cover is resulting in drying up of water resources, compelling the women to walk longer distances to collect water. This ecological deterioration, apart from human growth and interference, is compounded by mountain specificities such as inaccessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity, niche and adaptability. The specificities manifest in isolation, distance, poor communication, limited mobility, etc., resulting in limited external linkages and replication of external experiences, and slow pace of development. They, therefore, restrict options for economic growth, effecting poverty and affecting the quality of life of the people of the region. Poverty, in this mountain ecosystem cannot be understood and assessed independent of ecological wealth and would better be termed as ecological poverty. The development efforts to be effective in alleviating poverty here, should take into account mountain specificities and incorporate options which have larger human dimensions, such as mechanisms for population control, socio-economic and cultural conditioning, indigenous knowledge systems of the local people and simple technologies that are already in practice or have potential and are based on least external inputs.     

Community-scale analysis of the farmland abandonment occurrence process in the mountain region of Ladakh,India

Farmland abandonment has been a significant issue in mountain regions. Thus, many studies have attempted to uncover its driving factors. Most existing studies take a large- or meso-scale view of mountain regions, and there are a few studies that provide community-level analysis. Therefore, it is unclear how ecological and sociopolitical factors are actually combined to influence farmland abandonment at a community level. Thus, we conducted a field survey in the mountain village of Ladakh, northern India, beginning in 2009 and tried to understand the farmland abandonment occurrence process from the viewpoint of traditional altitudinal models of land use. Using data collected during the survey, a relationship between altitude and farmland abandonment was established. However, this relationship was complex, combining traditional forms of land use system in the village. The altitudinal model of land use was very common in mountain regions; thus, discussions of current land use issues should be based on an understanding of such traditional altitudinal systems.     

山地河流水电开发对河岸带植物群落特征的影响

为充分了解水电开发对山地河流河岸带植物群落特征的影响,于2014年采用植被常规调查方法,在九龙江源头河流地村溪依次设置RS(源头)、PL(皮寮)、HKU和HKD(环坑水坝上游和下游)、GXU和GXD(高厦水坝上游和下游)6个样地,分析其物种多样性、相似性等的变化特征. 结果表明:①水坝建成后,水坝上游和下游流速、水位及河宽存在显著差异(P<0.05). ②沿河流纵向的自由流动河段,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均随与源头距离的增加而增大,分别由0.30±0.24、0.22±0.17增至0.87±0.20、0.38±0.03;Simpson优势度指数随与源头距离的增加而减小,HKU样地Simpson优势度最低,仅为0.20±0.10;受水电开发影响河段,水坝上游样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于水坝下游样地,而Simpson优势度低于水坝下游样地. ③沿河流横向,河岸带不同断面植物群落多样性都符合中度干扰假说,水坝建设对河流横向物种多样性的影响不显著;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化总体上变化趋势一致,均表现为先升后降. ④相似性分析表明,沿河流纵向,水坝上、下游样地间物种相似性相对较高,不同组样地之间高地物种相似性最高的是HKU-HKD(0.270 3),河岸带物种相似性最高的是RS-PL(0.612 2);沿河流横向,HKU(0.392 9)、HKD(0.372 5)和GXD(0.348 8)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性相对较高,GXU(0.173 9)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性最低,表明水电开发导致水坝下游河岸带植物主要来源于本地种子库而非区域种子库. 结果显示,水电开发是造成河岸带植物群落发生变化的主导因子,导致水坝下游河岸带和高地物种组成趋向同质化,土地利用格局、河岸带及周围的人类干扰同样会影响河岸带植物群落的多样性和相似性.