Study on the Circular Agriculture Development in Beijing＇s Mountain Areas

Circular agriculture is an essential way to realize the positive recycling of ecology and harmonious development of the country construction. The sustainable development of Beijing＇s mountain areas depends on the background and orientation of ecological economy. Beijing＇s mountain areas bear the responsibility of protecting the ecological safety of the whole Beijing district and also the exploration of circular agriculture in mountain areas is very important to promote the sustainable use of agriculture resources. Beijing＇s mountain areas have possessed some practical experience in recycling agriculture development. Through summarizing the development mode and analyzing the development practice, the article puts forward three key segments of promoting Beijing circular agriculture development： strengthen propagate, develop superiority and built management mechanism.     

Harvesting of rainwater and brooklets water to increase mountain agricultural productivity: A case study from a dry valley of southwestern China

In semi-arid valleys of southwestern China, seasonal shortage of water is the major contributing factor to low and unstable crop yield. Harvesting of both rainwater and brooklets water in the semi-arid valleys of Ningnan county of Sichuan Province has brought about considerable economic and environmental change. Brooklet water is collected throughout the year but mainly during the rainy season in a series of ponds while rainwater is harvested in underground tanks constructed on road side or land boundaries with only a small opening above ground to save limited cropland. Increased water availability has promoted cultivation of sugarcane, tobacco, and mulberry, and increased per unit area yield of food crops. Sericulture, sugarcane and tobacco have become three important sources of farmers' income. The water harvesting has contributed considerably to increased rural income, poverty reduction, reduced soil erosion and improvement in overall environment. Government has played a key role in planning and implementation of water harvesting programmes. Financial support of government and clear ownership of water harvesting facilities are critical for the success of the programme. Application of similar water harvesting techniques in other areas with similar biophysical conditions would contribute to enhancing the rural economy and alleviating poverty.     

陕南2000年“7·13”山地灾害成因分析及防御对策

论述了陕南地区中南端紫阳、镇巴两县 2 0 0 0年 7月 11～ 14暴雨降水特征 ,分析了 7月12～ 13日造成 2 36人死亡、 392人受伤、 7.95亿元人民币直接损失特大山地灾害的成因 ,并提出了该区今后防御与减少山地灾害的对策。     

SNOTEL,the Soil Climate Analysis Network,and water supply forecasting at the Natural Resources Conservation Service: Past,present, and future

The Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting (SSWSF) Program and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) of the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) generate key observational and predictive information for water managers. Examples include mountain climate and snow monitoring through manual snow surveys and the SNOw TELemetry (SNOTEL) and SNOtel LITE networks, in situ soil moisture data acquisition through the SCAN and SNOTEL networks, and water supply forecasting using river runoff prediction models. The SSWSF Program has advanced continuously over the decades and is a major source of valuable water management information across the western United States, and the SCAN network supports agricultural and other water users nationwide. Product users and their management goals are diverse, and use-cases range from guiding crop selection to seasonal flood risk assessment, drought monitoring and prediction, avalanche and fire prediction, hydropower optimization, tracking climate variability and change, environmental management, satisfying international treaty and domestic legal requirements, and more. Priorities going forward are to continue innovating to enhance the accuracy and completeness of the observational and model-generated data products these programs deliver, including expanded synergies with the remote sensing community and uptake of artificial intelligence while maintaining long-term operational reliability and consistency at scale.     

川西亚高山/高山典型土壤类型有机碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

论文通过研究川西亚高山/高山生态系统不同海拔分布典型土壤类型SOC、TN、TP及其生态化学计量学特征,对比《四川土壤》1985年调查成果,评价我国川西亚高山/高山典型土壤恢复状况。测定亚高山草甸土、草甸土、暗棕壤、棕壤、黄棕壤、褐土的腐殖质层、淀积层、母质层土壤SOC、TN、TP含量,计算生态化学计量值。结果表明：土壤SOC含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TN含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TP含量表现为暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>草甸土>棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤;暗棕壤、棕壤基本表现为SOC、TN、TP含量随土层加深递减;依据第二次全国土壤普查分级标准,研究区土壤有机质呈很丰富水平,TN呈丰富水平,TP呈缺乏水平。土壤SOC、TN和TP水平分布从南向北呈先增加后减少。化学计量比特征：土壤碳氮比表现为草甸土>褐土>黄棕壤>亚高山草甸土>暗棕壤>棕壤,土壤碳磷比表现为草甸土>黄棕壤>褐土>暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,土壤氮磷比表现为草甸土>暗棕壤>黄棕壤>褐土>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,TP是主要限制因子。对比1985年调查结果,经过近30 a的恢复,亚高山草甸土、草甸土、黄棕壤、褐土土壤SOC含量呈增加趋势,棕壤SOC含量下降幅度最大,2015年仅为1985年的31.06%;土壤TN变化不大;TP含量呈下降趋势,变化幅度在56.41%~87.85%之间。     

Estimating the benefits and costs to mountain bikers of changes in trail characteristics,access fees,and site closures: choice experiments and benefits transfer

Mountain biking is an increasingly popular leisure pursuit. Consequences are trail degradation and conflicts with hikers and other users. Resource managers often attempt to resolve these problems by closing trails to mountain biking. In order to estimate the impact of these developments, a model has been devised that predicts the effects of changes in trail characteristics and introduction of access fees, and correlates these with biker preference on trail selection. It estimates each individual's per-ride consumer's surplus associated with implementing different policies. The surplus varies significantly as a function of each individual's gender, budget, and interest in mountain biking. Estimation uses stated preference data, specifically choice experiments. Hypothetical mountain bike trails were created and each surveyed biker was asked to make five pair-wise choices. A benefit-transfer simulation is used to show how the model and parameter estimates can be transferred to estimate the benefits and costs to mountain bikers in a specific area.     

山地河流水电开发对河岸带植物群落特征的影响

为充分了解水电开发对山地河流河岸带植物群落特征的影响,于2014年采用植被常规调查方法,在九龙江源头河流地村溪依次设置RS(源头)、PL(皮寮)、HKU和HKD(环坑水坝上游和下游)、GXU和GXD(高厦水坝上游和下游)6个样地,分析其物种多样性、相似性等的变化特征. 结果表明:①水坝建成后,水坝上游和下游流速、水位及河宽存在显著差异(P<0.05). ②沿河流纵向的自由流动河段,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均随与源头距离的增加而增大,分别由0.30±0.24、0.22±0.17增至0.87±0.20、0.38±0.03;Simpson优势度指数随与源头距离的增加而减小,HKU样地Simpson优势度最低,仅为0.20±0.10;受水电开发影响河段,水坝上游样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于水坝下游样地,而Simpson优势度低于水坝下游样地. ③沿河流横向,河岸带不同断面植物群落多样性都符合中度干扰假说,水坝建设对河流横向物种多样性的影响不显著;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化总体上变化趋势一致,均表现为先升后降. ④相似性分析表明,沿河流纵向,水坝上、下游样地间物种相似性相对较高,不同组样地之间高地物种相似性最高的是HKU-HKD(0.270 3),河岸带物种相似性最高的是RS-PL(0.612 2);沿河流横向,HKU(0.392 9)、HKD(0.372 5)和GXD(0.348 8)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性相对较高,GXU(0.173 9)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性最低,表明水电开发导致水坝下游河岸带植物主要来源于本地种子库而非区域种子库. 结果显示,水电开发是造成河岸带植物群落发生变化的主导因子,导致水坝下游河岸带和高地物种组成趋向同质化,土地利用格局、河岸带及周围的人类干扰同样会影响河岸带植物群落的多样性和相似性.      

华南高山背景地区黑碳云内清除特征

基于2020年南岭背景高山地区的3个典型云事件,利用地用逆流虚拟撞击器采集云中颗粒物,结合单颗粒黑碳光度计和激光雾滴谱仪分析黑碳浓度及云参数特征,探讨黑碳云内清除率及其影响因素.结果表明：进入云内的黑碳约占整体的20%,而云中含黑碳云滴的占比（4.67%）则少于含黑碳间隙颗粒的占比（15.31%）;黑碳的分粒径质量清除率和数量清除率接近,变化范围均为28%~59%;高液态含水量和云滴数浓度有利于黑碳云内清除率的增加,而黑碳云内清除率会随黑碳总浓度的增加而降低,各因素对于黑碳云内清除的影响由大到小为：云滴数浓度>液态含水量>总黑碳浓度.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake sediments from the High Tatras

European alpine lake systems are used as indicators of air quality over the continent. Preliminary data showed high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) loads in the High Tatras (Eastern Europe) in comparison to other mountain regions. Here, insight on the spatial distribution of PAH is provided from analysis of top-core sediments of 27 alpine lakes distributed along the High Tatras.Top-core sediment concentrations were higher than those in deep-cores, and they were higher than those observed in other European high mountain regions. The PAH profiles were uniform and comparable to those observed in aerosols and snow, indicating that atmospheric deposition was the predominant PAH input pathway to the lakes. Good agreement between estimated atmospheric deposition and sedimentation fluxes was observed. However, in several lakes in the western range higher sediment fluxes may correspond to higher PAH depositions levels. The higher concentrations may also reflect inputs from potential emission source areas.     

欠发达资源富集山区的生态文明发展模式与对策建议

结合国内外区域经济发展经验和黔东南实地调研情况,分析了欠发达资源富集区和山区资源开发的一些基本特征,指出了黔东南山区的生态价值和经济价值,认为开展生态文明建设是黔东南这样欠发地区实现经济与生态双赢的理想选择。黔东南州是我国经济欠发达、资源富集、生态优质、少数民族文化独特的典型山区,具有原形的自然生态、原始的民族文化、原貌的历史遗存,其生态价值具有十分明显的比较优势。生态文明是指人与自然和谐共荣的文化价值取向、生态系统良性发展下的可持续生产、满足人类自身需要又不损害自然系统的可持续消费的一种社会形态。提出了黔东南发展生态农业、生态工业循环经济、生态旅游、生态城镇和政府绿色管理等具体发展模式,最后从宣传教育、科技创新、特色经济、生态产业链和低碳经济等提出了若干对策建议。