北京山区生态系统稳定性评价模型初步研究

在建立北京山区生态评价体系的基础上,参考有关资料和北京的实际状况确定山区生态系统稳定性评价的标准和分级,选择适当的方法确定评价因子的层次关系和重要度,建立了综合评价模型。并以北京山区的一典型区为例对评价模型进行检验,结果与实际基本相符。     

沱江源森林群落生物多样性垂直格局研究

在野外样带调查的基础上,分析了沱江源头九顶山植被生物多样性随海拔而变化的规律,并简要分析了植被生物多样性垂直格局的影响因子。从河谷到林线,乔木占据群落上层,其郁闭度对林下灌草层群落发育影响很大,生物多样性体现出乔木层与灌草层的相互关系：乔木盖度大的群落其灌木和草本层稀疏,而盖度小的次生林和林线上的高海拔区域灌木和草本种类与个体都迅速增加。多样性指数Hill指数及N1、N2指数变化规律基本相似：林线以下乔木层多样性指数最高,灌木层次之,草本层多样性指数最小,尤其在中度海拔体现明显,海拔3 500 m以上,草本多样性指数最高,灌木次之,而乔木已退出竞争。     

龙门山区震后山地灾害地质因素敏感性评价

从与山地灾害关系密切的地质环境条件入手,选择了岩性和断裂带大指标,以龙门山区为典型区,根据灾害发生学原理,建立敏感性评价模型,定量分析了岩性、断裂带等对山地灾害的敏感性,并根据敏感性指标对研究区进行了敏感性区分。结果表明:岩性对山地灾害的敏感性从大到小依次为次硬岩硬岩软岩层极软岩层;断裂带对山地灾害的敏感度主要集中在距离断裂带0~2 km范围内。     

皖南山区滑坡灾害调查及评估方法

对皖南山区三个自然村的滑坡灾害进行了现场调查,分析研究了引起滑坡的机理,对滑坡造成的房屋损失和无家可归人员进行了分类、评估,给出了地质灾害评估的方法。     

山区铁路灾害防御体系研究—以成昆铁路（北段）为例

安全是铁路运输工作及其改革和发展的前提。本文在总结成昆铁路有关方面多年防灾实践的基础上,提出了铁路灾害防御体系的基本框架,并将整个体系划分为日常管理、汛期警戒和抢险救灾3个不同运行状态,明确了各个运行状态的中心任务。本文的研究对已有铁路沿线灾害防御体系的完善和新建铁路及其它部门灾害防御体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of typhoon with extreme precipitation on mountain reservoir drinking water treatment: a case study in Ningbo,China

Due to frequent drinking water pollution accidents in the past decade, it is common that mountain reservoirs were used as the source of drinking water in China. However, some coastal areas frequently suffer from typhoon with extreme precipitation, which results in the water quality deterioration of the reservoirs. The influence of typhoons with extreme precipitation on Jiaokou reservoir and the emergency treatment process of Maojiaping water treatment plant in the past three typical typhoons with extreme precipitation from the year of 2012–2015 were studied. It was found that the degradation of water quality, such as the increase of turbidity and bacteria index, may not merely appear during the events, but last for several days. Changing the dosage of water purification agent, such as coagulant and disinfectant at right time and place may be an efficient emergency water treatment process. Based on the analysis of water quality variation rule during and after the events, it was also found that emergency treatment can be fully prepared before the arrival of a typhoon with extreme precipitation. And in order to better respond to the typhoon with extreme precipitation, several suggestions are also proposed in this paper as follows: establishing vegetated buffers at right place, such as macrophanerophytes, shrub or herbage, increasing investments in infrastructure management, merging or cancelling the small-scale water treatment plants, preparing adequate water purification agent before the typhoon comes, etc.     

江苏省山体资源保护区划及对策

山体资源是空间资源、生物资源、水资源、景观资源、矿产资源叠加的重要地理空间,是支撑地区经济和社会可持续发展的重要资源基地。因此,合理划定山体资源保护区域,对改善生态环境意义重大。将山体资源概括为山体有别于平原的自然景观及所承载的人文景观的总称,基于区域连续性、内部同一性、概念一致性、公众认知性、区域稀缺性等原则,厘定了江苏1 154个山体的空间分布特征。以此调查研究成果为基础,从山体资源的自然属性和社会属性考虑,构建了由3个目标层、6个约束层和11项指标层组成的江苏山体资源保护区划评价指标体系,在MAPGIS技术支持下,采用综合指数模型,将各区划因子按其权重进行空间代数叠加,将182个山体划分为山体资源自然保护红线区、214个山体划分为山体资源自然保护黄线区、293个山体划分为山体资源自然保护绿线区、464个山体划为山体资源适宜开发区。提出编制山体资源保护规划、科学评价山体资源保护价值、实现山体资源的动态监控等山体资源保护对策。     

Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China's Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km² of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km² lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve's core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km²) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve's core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery‐based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards. Papel de los Monasterios Budistas Tibetanos en la Conservación del Leopardo de las Nieves     

粤北山区近25年来耕地表层土壤有机碳变化分析

以粤北山区典型区的连州市为例,利用第二次土壤普查资料和2007年耕地地力调查样点分析结果,对研究区耕地表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：25年以来,连州市耕地表层有机碳质量分数和密度有所增加,分别从1982年的16.3 g·kg-1、40.88 t·hm-2上升到2007年的17.37 g·kg-1、43.31 t·hm-2。土壤有机碳随土壤类型的不同而变化复杂,土壤有机碳呈上升趋势的有潴育型水稻土、淹育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土,而沼泽型水稻土、潜育型水稻土和矿毒田呈下降趋势,主要旱地土壤类型（黄壤、红壤、红色石灰土、酸性紫色土）表层土壤有机碳质量分数呈上升趋势。从土地利用类型综合考量,水田、旱地表层土壤有机碳质量分数和密度都呈上升趋势,其中水田的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的18.30 g·kg-1、44.80 t·hm-2上升到2007年的18.78 g·kg-1、46.21 t·hm-2;旱地的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的10.46 g·kg-1、29.27 t·hm-2上升到2007年的13.17 g·kg-1、34.67 t·hm-2。粤北山区耕地表层土壤总体上表现为碳汇。