Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China's Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km² of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km² lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve's core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km²) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve's core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery‐based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards. Papel de los Monasterios Budistas Tibetanos en la Conservación del Leopardo de las Nieves     

粤北山区近25年来耕地表层土壤有机碳变化分析

以粤北山区典型区的连州市为例,利用第二次土壤普查资料和2007年耕地地力调查样点分析结果,对研究区耕地表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：25年以来,连州市耕地表层有机碳质量分数和密度有所增加,分别从1982年的16.3 g·kg-1、40.88 t·hm-2上升到2007年的17.37 g·kg-1、43.31 t·hm-2。土壤有机碳随土壤类型的不同而变化复杂,土壤有机碳呈上升趋势的有潴育型水稻土、淹育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土,而沼泽型水稻土、潜育型水稻土和矿毒田呈下降趋势,主要旱地土壤类型（黄壤、红壤、红色石灰土、酸性紫色土）表层土壤有机碳质量分数呈上升趋势。从土地利用类型综合考量,水田、旱地表层土壤有机碳质量分数和密度都呈上升趋势,其中水田的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的18.30 g·kg-1、44.80 t·hm-2上升到2007年的18.78 g·kg-1、46.21 t·hm-2;旱地的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的10.46 g·kg-1、29.27 t·hm-2上升到2007年的13.17 g·kg-1、34.67 t·hm-2。粤北山区耕地表层土壤总体上表现为碳汇。     

粤北山区近25年来耕地表层土壤有机碳变化分析

以粤北山区典型区的连州市为例,利用第二次土壤普查资料和2007年耕地地力调查样点分析结果,对研究区耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:25年以来,连州市耕地表层有机碳质量分数和密度有所增加,分别从1982年的16.3 g·kg-1、40.88 t·hm-2上升到2007年的17.37 g·kg-1、43.31 t·hm-2。土壤有机碳随土壤类型的不同而变化复杂,土壤有机碳呈上升趋势的有潴育型水稻土、淹育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土,而沼泽型水稻土、潜育型水稻土和矿毒田呈下降趋势,主要旱地土壤类型(黄壤、红壤、红色石灰土、酸性紫色土)表层土壤有机碳质量分数呈上升趋势。从土地利用类型综合考量,水田、旱地表层土壤有机碳质量分数和密度都呈上升趋势,其中水田的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的18.30 g·kg-1、44.80 t·hm-2上升到2007年的18.78 g·kg-1、46.21 t·hm-2;旱地的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的10.46 g·kg-1、29.27 t·hm-2上升到2007年的13.17 g·kg-1、34.67 t·hm...     

防灾视角下基于MCR模型的山地生态安全格局优化研究——以京津冀山区为例

区域生态安全格局的优化对改善区域自然生态系统服务功能、减轻区域典型灾害负面影响等有重要作用。该文以京津冀山区为研究对象,在区域山洪灾害背景下运用灾害学、景观生态学等理论,将最小累积阻力模型(MCR)引入山区生态安全格局的构建过程。通过借助GIS技术平台分析了研究区基于MCR模型建立的生态网络,构建了由斑块、生态廊道、基质镶嵌的区域生态化网络格局。针对分析结果,重点从城乡规划视角提出生态安全格局优化的措施,主要包括生态约束条件下生态网络结构优化和区域尺度的山区生态修复,以期为维持山区生态安全、国土综合整治以及实现京津冀区域协同发展提供科学依据。     

秦岭南北降水空间分异研究

为了探讨秦岭南北降水空间分异特征,本文以秦岭山脊线南北22个气象站点2011~2018年间的逐日降水量及全球资料同化系统风向数据为基础,借助协同克里金插值和混合单粒子拉格朗日积分扩散传输模型(HYSPLIT模型)的后向轨迹模式等方法,对秦岭山区降水进行了空间格局分析、水汽轨迹追踪及水汽源地贡献率计算。结果表明:(1)秦岭山区等降水量线南北空间变化格局反映了山地水汽阻隔效应,同时北麓年降水总量空间差异较小,而南麓年降水总量自西向东则有高-低-高的分布特征、空间变异较大;(2)秦岭山区水汽输送路径主要有三条:源自印度洋孟加拉湾的西南水汽、源自西太平洋的东南水汽、来自蒙古-西伯利亚的北方极地大陆水汽;(3)夏季的秦岭西部山地对西南水汽的阻隔作用效果大于东部山地作用于东南水汽,而秋季的印度洋水汽输送基本对山脉北麓降水没有显现影响,而西太平洋水汽的输送路径只是向东有所偏移。     

辽西易旱区集雨灌溉山地大棚技术

通过雨水径流的集蓄储存可解决水源问题，发展山地蔬菜大棚。结果表明：一个70m^3的水窖集水在配以渗灌技术的条件下可以满足333m^2的大棚生育期用水需求，与传统畦灌相比节水53.4%，且效益可观，达20万元／hm^2，使干旱贫瘠的山地一跃成为发展高效农业的园田，为辽西易旱区坡地高效利用开辟了一条新途径。     

Sensitivity of Landsat‐Scale Energy Balance to Aerodynamic Variability in Mountains and Complex Terrain

The speed and direction of air flow through complex terrain are difficult to define. Both impact sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) models such as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC?) estimate ET as a residual of the surface energy process and are thus sensitive to aerodynamics, including terrain‐induced impacts on roughness governing convective heat transfer (H). There is a need to explore the sensitivities of H estimation and thereby ET estimation to wind speed and terrain roughness in mountainous areas and to determine the merit of operating complex mesoscale wind field models in conjunction with the energy balance process. A sensitivity analysis is explored in METRIC where we increased wind speed in proportion to a relative elevation parameter and we increased aerodynamic roughness to assimilate impacts of relative terrain roughness, estimated in proportion to standard deviation of elevation within a 3 km locality. These aerodynamic modifications increased convective heat transfer in complex terrain and reduced estimated ET. In other sensitivity runs, we reduced estimated wind speed on estimated leeward slopes. Estimated ET with and without these sensitivity adjustments is shown for mountainous areas of Montana and Nevada. Changes in ET ranged from little change (<5%) for lower slopes to about 30% reductions on windward slopes and 25% increases on leeward slopes for some mid to high elevations in the Montana application.     

低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

农业集约化导致景观破碎化、均质化程度加深.景观斑块的组成及合理布局带来的农业景观高异质性是维持区域生物多样性的关键.该文选择具有典型低山丘陵地貌的辽宁省建平县为研究区,在食物网水平上探究区域农业景观格局对生物多样性的影响.选取20个样区,在明晰区域景观特征、分析害虫-捕食性天敌食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型...     

居民山地灾害意识水平比较研究

通过对我国西部三个山地灾害易发省区的山地灾害社会心理学调查,分析了影响山地灾害意识的几种因素,并对居民山地灾害意识的差异进行了探讨研究.结果表明:不同性别、文化程度、职业、年龄、居住地的居民山地灾害意识具有显著性差异.     

岩溶山区煤矿环境影响防治

岩溶山区生态环境状况比较特殊，煤炭开采对环境影响较大，必须采取综合的有效的措施来进行全方位全过程防治。工程措施、资源综合利用、安全防范措施、环境恢复治理保证金的收取等都是有效的方法。