湖南省山洪灾害综合风险分析及安全减灾研究——以2006年衡阳市山洪灾害为例

利用衡阳市2006年山洪灾情数据,引入综合灾情指数对湖南省衡阳市山洪灾害进行综合灾情损失评估,得出耒阳市的综合灾情指数最大;灾情重的直接原因是暴雨大,水位短时间上升快。同时,暴雨-山体滑坡-泥石流灾害链放大了灾情;农村地区防灾减灾意识淡薄、防洪工程标准偏低以及减灾措施不当也加剧了山洪灾情。为此,要通过加强工程建设与山洪灾害危险性宣传来提高农村抗灾能力,达到安全减灾目的。     

Preferential retention of POPs on the northern aspect of mountains

Soils are the main reservoirs of POPs in mountain ecosystems, but the great variability of the concentrations, also at small scale, leaves some uncertainties in the evaluation of environmental burdens and exposure. The role of the aspect of the mountain side and the seasonal variation in the contamination levels was analysed by means of several soil samples taken from central Italian Alps. A greater contamination content was present in northern soils with a mean ratio between the north vs. south normalised concentration of around a factor of 2 (North-South Enrichment Factor). Experimental factors agreed with theoretical calculations based on temperature-specific calculated K_sa values. From May to November consistent differences in normalised concentrations up to 5-fold were observed. A dynamic picture of the POP contamination in high altitudinal soils is derived from the data in this work, with spring-summer half-lives between 60 and 120 days for most of the compounds.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake sediments from the High Tatras

European alpine lake systems are used as indicators of air quality over the continent. Preliminary data showed high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) loads in the High Tatras (Eastern Europe) in comparison to other mountain regions. Here, insight on the spatial distribution of PAH is provided from analysis of top-core sediments of 27 alpine lakes distributed along the High Tatras.Top-core sediment concentrations were higher than those in deep-cores, and they were higher than those observed in other European high mountain regions. The PAH profiles were uniform and comparable to those observed in aerosols and snow, indicating that atmospheric deposition was the predominant PAH input pathway to the lakes. Good agreement between estimated atmospheric deposition and sedimentation fluxes was observed. However, in several lakes in the western range higher sediment fluxes may correspond to higher PAH depositions levels. The higher concentrations may also reflect inputs from potential emission source areas.     

欠发达资源富集山区的生态文明发展模式与对策建议

结合国内外区域经济发展经验和黔东南实地调研情况,分析了欠发达资源富集区和山区资源开发的一些基本特征,指出了黔东南山区的生态价值和经济价值,认为开展生态文明建设是黔东南这样欠发地区实现经济与生态双赢的理想选择。黔东南州是我国经济欠发达、资源富集、生态优质、少数民族文化独特的典型山区,具有原形的自然生态、原始的民族文化、原貌的历史遗存,其生态价值具有十分明显的比较优势。生态文明是指人与自然和谐共荣的文化价值取向、生态系统良性发展下的可持续生产、满足人类自身需要又不损害自然系统的可持续消费的一种社会形态。提出了黔东南发展生态农业、生态工业循环经济、生态旅游、生态城镇和政府绿色管理等具体发展模式,最后从宣传教育、科技创新、特色经济、生态产业链和低碳经济等提出了若干对策建议。     

山地城市典型区域地表径流污染迁移空间特征

选取包括山体和城市活动区域等下垫面在内的典型区域,对山地城市地表径流污染迁移特征、降雨等级和降雨强度对污染迁移的影响进行了研究,并分析了从小雨到暴雨等5场典型降雨条件下污染物赋存形态的变化。结果表明,受迁移段人为活动区域的影响,污染物呈现先升高再降低的趋势,入湖前化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮(NH3-N)的浓度分别在26.6~87.1、0.87~6.96、0.08~0.28和0.52~1.48 mg/L之间。溶解性COD(DCOD)、溶解性TN(DTN)、溶解性TP(DTP)和溶解性NH3-N(DNH3-N)分别占总污染物的55%~79%、83%~98%、18%~61%和55%~79%。除DTN外,其他3种污染物溶解态浓度占总浓度的百分比随降雨等级和雨强的增大而增大。NH3-N、COD、TP浓度与TSS浓度呈正相关,DCOD、DTN、DTP浓度与总悬浮物(TSS)浓度无相关性。TSS与场降雨的最大雨强呈现正相关。     

皖南山区滑坡灾害调查及评估方法

对皖南山区三个自然村的滑坡灾害进行了现场调查,分析研究了引起滑坡的机理,对滑坡造成的房屋损失和无家可归人员进行了分类、评估,给出了地质灾害评估的方法。     

山区铁路灾害防御体系研究—以成昆铁路（北段）为例

安全是铁路运输工作及其改革和发展的前提。本文在总结成昆铁路有关方面多年防灾实践的基础上,提出了铁路灾害防御体系的基本框架,并将整个体系划分为日常管理、汛期警戒和抢险救灾3个不同运行状态,明确了各个运行状态的中心任务。本文的研究对已有铁路沿线灾害防御体系的完善和新建铁路及其它部门灾害防御体系的建立有一定的参考价值。