An experimental study to explore WTP for aviation carbon offsets: the impact of a carbon tax on the voluntary action

As Australia recently introduced a mandatory carbon price, this paper provides a rare perspective of how such institutional changes influence consumer preferences for voluntary climate action. When examined using three contingent valuation questions, the results show that the compliance mechanism induces a substantial reduction in the number of air travellers who are willing to pay extra for voluntary carbon offsets and in the payment amount, although the crowding-out effect is incomplete. A disproportionately larger welfare benefit is attached to the carbon offsets for a domestic flight than its international counterpart. Overall empirical findings advocate the continued role of voluntary programmes.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Chronodisruption and cancer</Emphasis>

Research into health effects of chronodisruption (CD), a relevant disturbance of the circadian organization of physiology, endocrinology, metabolism and behaviour, is evolving at a rapid pace. With regard to malignancies, our synthesis of key experiments indicates that CD can play a causal role for cancer growth and tumor progression in animals. Moreover, our meta-analyses of 30 epidemiological studies evince that flight personnel and shift workers exposed to chronodisruption may have increased breast and prostate cancer risks: summary relative risks (RRs) for investigations of flight personnel and of shift workers suggested a 70 and 40% increase in the risk of breast cancer, respectively, and excess relative risks of prostate cancer in nine studies in flight personnel (40%) and in two studies in male shift workers. There was a remarkable indication of homogeneity of results from the individual studies that contribute to the average statistics. However, in view of doubts about whether the differing assessments of CD can really be regarded as valid reflections of the same causative phenomenon and the lack of control of covariates in the majority of studies, it is premature to conclude that the risk observations reflect a real, rather than spurious, association with CD. The challenge for future epidemiological investigations of the biologically plausible links between chronodisruption and human cancers is to conduct studies which appreciate details of transmeridian travelling, of shift work and of covariates for the development of the diseases.     

改进多目的地旅行公共费用分成模型及其在若尔盖县游憩价值评估中的应用

多目的地环程旅行问题是应用旅行费用法（TCM）进行游憩价值评估的难点和热点,客观准确地对多目的地旅行公共费用进行分成,确定各目的地的费用权重成为游憩价值评估的关键性问题。因此,本文引入旅行公共费用和目的地直接费用的概念,改进多目的地旅行公共费用分成计算模型,将待评估目的地直接费用与多目的地总直接费用的比值作为待评估目的地在旅行公共费用中的分成权重。该计算模型尝试根据调查游客自身的消费特点进行旅行公共费用分成,避免主观假设的影响,旨在使费用分成更加客观、科学。对若尔盖县游憩价值的评估结果为：2017年若尔盖县游憩价值为31.09亿元,人均游憩价值1538元;其中旅行费用 25.06亿元,人均旅行费用1240元;消费者剩余6.03亿元,人均消费者剩余298元。通过改进多目的地旅行费用分成模型,可推动游憩价值评估方法的发展和完善。研究结果可为若尔盖县生态旅游产业发展规划提供科学指导。     

低碳生态城市建设效应评估方法构建及在深圳市的应用

在推进生态文明建设、应对气候变化和解决环境问题的背景下,低碳生态城市已经成为未来城市发展转型的必然趋势.为了指导实现城市有序健康的发展,初步提出了一种低碳生态城市建设效应评估模型.在基于"压力-状态-响应"综合评估模型、系统动力学模拟模型和调控潜力分析的基础上,构建现状水平和未来演变趋势相结合的认知框架,综合考虑当地自然资源安全,定量表达社会活动、低碳经济和生态环境之间的相互依赖、相互制约的关系,确定指标调控方向和潜力.最后,基于该模型对深圳市进行了案例研究,结果表明:深圳市评估指数从2009年"IV级:较低"提升到2013年"III级:中等",在维持现状规模和高速发展速度下,2020年达到"II级:较高"水平(61.7),尽管保持增长趋势,但呈现增长缓慢甚至"饱和"状态.因此,依旧有必要优化调控深圳市低碳生态城市建设中社会经济发展的方向和模式,进一步落实和强化深圳市低碳生态产业结构调整和"海洋强市"等措施.     

游客低碳旅游认知、意愿和行为特征分析——以厦门鼓浪屿为例

以厦门鼓浪屿游客为调查对象,收集游客的人口学特征、低碳旅游认知、意愿和行为特征等相关信息,利用调查得到的数据进行描述性统计分析结果表明:游客低碳旅游认知不够深入,相关概念存在认知差异,年龄、收。入、受教育程度、职业类别对游客的低碳旅游认知具有不同程度的影响;游客对于举手之劳的、不需耗费财力或可以获益的、无需太多精力的低碳项目的参与意愿程度比较高,而对于比较繁琐、需要耗费财力精力、影响自己便利性、关系到自身洁净等低碳项目的参与意愿程度比较低,受教育程度、收入对游客的低碳旅游意愿有明显影响;游客低碳旅游行为效果较低,因为游客更多考虑自身支付能力、舒适和方便等因素。最后,从政府、旅游社区、旅游企业、旅游者4个体系给出了落实低碳旅游发展的相关建议。     

New energy policy and low-carbon society in Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake

The Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011 devastated the eastern region of Japan.Due to the resulting nuclear accident,Japanese Cabinet decided to revise its energy policies.The Energy and Environment Council in National Policy Unit published options on the nation’s scenarios for energy and economy in 2030.We estimated the economic impacts of the options to national economy and households in 2030.Finally,we clarified significant factors to establish a secure,affluent and low-carbon society based on the energy scenarios.     

Of discovery and dread: The importance of work challenges for international business travelers' thriving and global role turnover intentions

As frequent travel across international borders has become common for an ever-increasing number of workers, it is essential to understand what helps these international business travelers (IBTs) thrive and embrace their global work responsibilities. This study's purpose is to examine the role of developmental opportunities (i.e., work role challenges) in helping IBTs see frequent travel as a predominantly beneficial experience. By integrating two theories of motivation—conservation of resources theory and the challenge-hindrance demands framework—I build a moderated mediation model of IBTs' intent to cease their global work responsibilities (i.e., global role turnover intentions). Using latent moderated structural equation modeling, I test the model on a sample of 204 IBTs collected at two time points. Results show that, through the psychological state of thriving at work, travel frequency has a negative indirect association with IBTs' global role turnover intentions when IBTs' work roles are challenging and a positive association when their work lacks challenge. This is primarily the case regarding the challenge of being responsible for others at work. The novelty of IBTs' work tasks is also a salient challenge but to a lesser extent. This study contributes to literatures on global work, work role design, and thriving.     

“If I know when you will arrive,I will let you walk to school:” The role of information technology

Introduction: Providing a sense of supervision for parents may facilitate their children’s involvement in physical outdoor activities, such as walking to school. Information technology (IT) solutions could bring more parental supervision, which in turn has the potential to enhance the proportion of walking trips to school. This study aimed to examine the role of a proposed hypothetical IT solution that gives parents real-time information about children’s entrance to and exit from the school, for the intention of parents letting their children walk to school. Method: A total of 820 questionnaires were distributed among pupils aged 7–9-years across 28 elementary schools to be completed by their parents (82% return rate). Results: Compared to the group of walking pupils, increased parental intention to let their children walk to school under the proposed solution could be explained by considerably more variables in the group of pupils who did not walk to school. The findings revealed that increased parental intention was higher among the walking pupils compared to the non-walking pupils. For the non-walking pupils, enhancement of walking facilities across the school area could potentiate the use of the proposed solution by the parents, which in turn may increase the proportion of walking on school trips. In addition, boy pupils, the pupils whose parents evaluated walking more favorable, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and those living in close proximity to the school could more likely benefit by shifting from non-walking to walking modes of travel, after implementation of the solution.     

基于分区的多目的地TCM模型及其在游憩资源价值评估中的应用——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

作为评估户外游憩价值的经典方法,旅行费用法穴TCM雪主要存在3种基本模型,即分区旅行费用法穴ZTCM雪、个人旅行费用法穴ITCM雪和随机效用法穴RUM雪。尽管这3种模型在理论和实践上都已相当成熟,却均无非常完善的方法来解决广为存在的多目的地环程旅行问题,致使该问题成为TCM研究应用中的难点和热点。论文根据九寨沟的实际情况,首次提出应用基于分区的多目的地TCM模型穴MZTC雪来评估九寨沟的游憩价值,得到2002年九寨沟自然保护区的总游憩价值为15.61×108元,人均1246.10元;其中消费者剩余为4.71×108元,人均375.92元,与国外最新游憩价值综述研究的结果非常接近。     

The use of personalised social marketing to foster voluntary behavioural change for sustainable travel and lifestyles

Changing public attitudes and behaviour is key to achieving the UK target of a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Top-down campaigns that have provided information to a passive public have not necessarily resulted in pro-environmental behavioural change. This paper examines the use of a personalised social marketing approach to engage the public in changing their personal travel. It provides the results of a project in the City of York to foster voluntary travel behavioural change. Using face-to-face discussions, personalised information and incentives, a statistically significant reduction in car use and an increase in cycling and the use of public transport were achieved over a six-month period. However, this change was not sustained 12 months later. The paper explores the contrasting perspectives on behavioural change and examines the possible lessons that can be learnt to foster voluntary behavioural change in other aspects of household consumption.