COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RECREATIONAL BOATING ACTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the portion of harbor improvement planning which identifies the refuge and transient service needs at points along Lake Michigan. The travel behavior model developed to predict this use is sensitive to five criteria: boater characteristics which influence travel behavior; entry rates into the Lake from each access site; site characteristics; weather conditions; and planning parameters. The information provided by this computer model includes: the number of boaters demanding a given access point at a given time; the length of stay at that point; the probability of travel to specific access sites in given amounts of time; and those facilities used during a specified time period. The simulation modelling boat movement consists of two parts; a traffic generation routine and an activity simulation. The former schedules the entry of boats into the Lake from each site and the latter establishes the probabilistic movement of boats on the Lake. This simulation of interport movements and port activities enables the planner to investigate some impacts of alternative small boat harbor development plans.     

Neighborhood density and travel mode: new survey findings for high densities

At high densities, land uses get close enough to each other to support walk, bike, and transit modes above 60% of total trips. The San Francisco Bay Area census was used to define five density levels: rural, exurban, suburban, central city, and urban core. The urban core definition, over 50 persons per neighborhood acre, is much denser than in other research. The California Household Transportation Survey supplied new data on block group area, population, trip stages, trip distances, trip time, and travel mode by density. The National Household Transportation Survey supplied block group population, density, travel mode, and income data. Both sources show a strong nonlinear relationship going from rural to urban core: auto miles and trips decrease as walk and transit miles and trips increase. With density, people travel fewer miles and spend less time traveling. High-income households in dense areas travel far fewer miles than those living at higher densities. With sufficient density, complementary features play a role in furthering mode shift. For planning purposes, the need for parking greatly declines. The findings are a basis for similar research elsewhere on high densities and complementary features.     

国内外公路旅游客运研究进展

随着旅游业的快速发展,公路旅游客运成为现代最重要的旅客运输方式之一。国内公路旅游客运的研究主要从服务质量、预测、高速公路旅游客运、案例等方面展开,国外公路旅游客运的研究主要从机构和政府管理、旅行时间测量、旅行距离计算等方面展开。通过对比国内外公路旅游客运研究现状,得出了有益的启示。     

我国境外旅游预警的层次性和侧重性探析

旅游安全预警对降低旅游者风险具有重大意义。笔者结合相关研究和国外旅游发达国家的经验,认为我国境外旅游预警迫切需要划分层级。同时,从旅游主体角度出发,分析和诠释了旅游预警应强调政治和治安预警、健康预警。     

面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

潮汐河口水库型饮用水水源地保护区划分技术方法

长江口作为上海重要水源地,至今还没有依法划定水源保护区。目前国内的饮用水水源地保护区划分技术方法在潮汐河口水域应用时存在科学性差、适用性不强等问题。对国内外饮用水水源地保护区的划分方法进行了调研;研究了河口潮汐往复流特征、水污染排放、水环境特点,明确了河口水源库水质净化和防范突发污染事故风险的要求,提出了充分利用水库库区自净能力的划分原则和应用污染物最大流动距离法划分潮汐河口水库型水源地二级水源保护范围的技术方法。以氨氮作为特征因子分析水库的自净能力,认为库区作为一级保护区可以承担二级保护区的水质净化功能。以99%保证率的涨落潮流速并考虑季风的影响计算得到最大流动距离,并以此确定了青草沙水库的二级保护区范围上下游和横向边界范围。研究表明该方法概念清晰,简单实用,可靠性强。     

低碳城市研究综述

低碳经济发展已经成为大势所趋的今天,本文先综述了国内外先进的研究成果,给出了最新的低碳城市研究的发展动态,并在借鉴这些最新研究成果的基础上,提出打造低碳城市的观点,引入低碳经济的发展理念,给出了城市经济整体的低碳发展应以实现碳排放与人均GDP关系脱钩为目标。     

依安县实现“低碳经济”的建议

本文从优化能源结构、降低煤在能源结构中的比例、提高工业能源效率、发展低碳农业、发展低碳交通、加快”县域矿产资源”回收体系建设、推进低碳制度创新体系建设、开发碳汇潜力、培育全民低碳意识等九个方面论述了打造”低碳经济县”的途径.     

衡阳市住宅产业化现状与对策探讨

随着我国城镇化、工业化进一步快速推进,在发展低碳循环经济,加快建设两型社会背景下,变革传统住宅生产方式显得更加迫切.以衡阳市为例,介绍其住宅产业化现状基础上,指出了住宅产业化过程中存在的问题,并提出相关解决对策.