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111.
Assessing Anchor Damage on Coral Reefs: A Case Study in Selection of Environmental Indicators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Because environmental conservation can remove
scarce natural resources from competing uses, it is important to gain support for conservation programs by demonstrating that management actions have been effective in achieving their goals. One way to do this is to show that selected significant environmental variables (indicators) vary between managed and unmanaged areas or change over time following implementation of a management regime. However, identifying indicators that reflect environmental conditions relevant to management practices has proven difficult. This paper focuses on developing a framework for choosing indicators in a coral reef habitat. The framework consisted of three phases: (1) information gathering to identify candidate variables; (2) field-testing candidate variables at sites that differ in intensity of human activity, thus identifying potential indicators; and (3) evaluating potential indicators against a set of feasibility criteria to identify the most useful indicators. To identify indicators suitable to measure the success of a management strategy to reduce anchor damage to a coral reef, 24 candidate variables were identified and evaluated at sites with different intensities of anchoring. In this study, measures that reflected injuries to coral colonies were generally more efficient than traditional measures of coral cover in describing the effects of anchoring. The number of overturned colonies was identified as the single most useful indicator of coral reef condition associated with anchoring intensities. The indicator selection framework developed here has the advantages of being transparent, cost efficient, and readily transferable to other types of human activities and management strategies. 相似文献
112.
Fuzzy cognitive mapping was used to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan for Uluabat Lake, Turkey. Interviews
were conducted with stakeholders belonging to six different groups. Lake pollution was the most central and most mentioned
variable for stakeholders. Stakeholder groups agree that lake pollution is negatively affecting ecosystem health and thereby
local economies. Thus, reducing lake pollution was chosen as the overall goal for the management plan. Possible ways to reduce
lake pollution and increase ecosystem health were seen differently by the different groups. Hunters, factory managers, NGO
personnel, and local people thought industry was the main cause of lake pollution, while officials from the government and
local municipalities thought roads and urban development contributed the most to lake pollution. Generally the stakeholder
groups did not perceive their own actions as affecting the lake as strongly as other groups thought. For example, factory
managers viewed factory pollution as negatively affecting the lake but less strongly than the other groups did. According
to policy option simulations, reducing lake pollution had positive effects on all variables, especially fish, birds, animal
husbandry, irrigation, agriculture, and the ecological balance of the lake. Results of this analysis were used to facilitate
meetings among stakeholder groups and to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan. The analysis was useful for pointing
out the similarities as well as the differences among the groups. It also helped the facilitators understand the focus of
each stakeholder group and enabled them to suggest activities in which each group would want to participate. 相似文献
113.
Sorace A 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):547-560
Urban-agricultural parks could have some advantages to wildlife because of less intensive agricultural procedures, absence
of hunting pressure, and reduced human disturbance. In this study, the breeding and wintering bird communities and the small
mammal community in an urban-agricultural park of Rome were compared to those of a close urban park and a close agricultural
area just outside the city. The aim was to assess the best destination and management of wildlife in natural areas at the
urban–rural interface. Richness and diversity of bird communities were higher in the urban-agricultural park. Due to habitat
features and probably human disturbances, but not to urbanization, predation, and competition factors, the urban park drastically
reduces the abundance of decreasing open-land bird species. Abundance of these species was not significantly different in
the urban-agricultural park and in the agricultural area. In the urban-agricultural and urban park, bird and mammal pest species
were more abundant than they were in the agricultural area. Regarding decreasing abundance of small mammal species, no significant
difference among the study areas was observed. Urban-agricultural park is a better choice than urban park for wildlife. Thus,
a higher number of preserved urban natural areas should be devoted to urban-agricultural parks. However, to increase the abundance
of open-land species and in general wildlife, a less intensive management of cultivated and pasture patches is necessary. 相似文献
114.
115.
116.
煤矿本质安全特征及管理方法研究 总被引:3,自引:9,他引:3
分析国内煤矿本质安全管理研究现状及存在问题,进一步讨论煤矿本质安全的内涵。探讨近年来我国煤矿事故发生的致因与根源,指出人的行为安全是我国煤矿本质安全的主要特征。通过研究我国煤矿事故的控制管理,选择事故率作为我国煤矿本质安全判别的参考标准;分析我国煤矿生产的现状与差异,提出了对我国煤矿的本质安全性进行分类判别的思想;从深入开展煤矿安全管理理论研究、加强煤矿安全管理立法、建立煤矿安全管理标准和有效组织机制等方面提出了实现煤矿本质安全的管理策略。 相似文献
117.
Dennis H. Hunter 《Environmental management》1979,3(6):535-552
The model presented here is a simulation of the watershed of the Little South Fork of the Cache la Poudre River system located in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. This simulation model, TERRA, provides information of resource interactions, ecosystem processes, and harvest ramifications for this watershed. The information is generated through sets of difference equations to represent process flows. The model has a modular design that separates the ecologic processes—weather conditions, hydrologic functions, forage and timber production, wildlife and domestic population dynamics, recreation use, and management activities—from the simulation planning overhead—updating, plotting, and printing.The model is designed such that the output is readily usable information for an allocation model and the decision-making process. This is accomplished by allowing different levels of specified management activities as input and producing responses and output on a per unit land area basis.This simulation is a useful research tool for estimating parameter and variable values and levels of management-resource interaction. Lack of a pertinent field data base inhibits the model from actually being used as a management tool in the planning process.Submitted for publication as Paper No. 1217 in the Journal Series of the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida. 相似文献
118.
The origin of the grassy balds of the Great Smoky Mountains is examined. Some of the areas were cleared by settlers. Grazing by sheep and cattle and the cutting of trees were probably the most important factors in maintaining the grass sward; fire apparently was not used.Vegetation survey plots indicated that little of the original balds' area was still grassy and that most of the invading trees and shrubs could be expected to sprout if cut or burned. Areas presently trampled or mowed had a flora similar to a bald that was still grazed. High-elevation burn scars had many species in common with the grassy balds but had dissimilar community structures; therefore, a policy favoring natural fires would be unlikely to encourage maintanence or formation of grassy balds.The management of open grassy areas on National Forest lands was investigated. Burning was the favored technique, although hand cutting, mowing, and grazing were used. The results of testing various management practices on Gregory Bald are reviewed in terms of cost, impact, and historical authenticity. Implications for park management are discussed. 相似文献
119.
Brian P. Leaderer Rebecca T. Zagraniski Jan A. J. Stolwijk 《Environmental management》1977,1(1):31-37
A method is presented here by which the actual numbers of individuals in the U.S. population who would be expected to suffer respiratory illness as a result of exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in excess of the Federally-designated ambient air quality standard can be estimated. At the same time we have attempted to quantify how these adverse health effects would be alleviated by various degrees of reductions in current ambient concentrations. In addition, the health benefit expected to be derived by various NOx emission control strategies will be examined utilizing the health benefit estimation method presented.It is estimated that there were approximately 33.2×106 excess cases of respiratory illnesses in the U.S. in 1973 associated with ambient NO2 concentrations in excess of the national ambient standard. A reduction of approximately 50 to 60 percent below 1973 NO2 levels is needed to essentially eliminate excess respiratory illness associated with ambient NO2 concentration. 相似文献
120.
Coastal fisheries provide staple food and sources of livelihood in Pacific Island countries, and securing a sustainable supply is recognised as a critical priority for nutrition security. This study sought to better understand the role of fish for Pacific Island communities during disasters and in disaster recovery. To evaluate community impacts and responses after natural disasters, focus group discussions were held with men and women groups at ten sites across Shefa, Tafea, Malampa and Sanma provinces in Vanuatu. The combined impacts of category 5 Tropical Cyclone Pam (TC-Pam) in March 2015 and prolonged El-Niño induced drought have had a profound impact across much of Vanuatu. Terrestrial systems had been disproportionately impacted with substantial shortages in drinking water, garden crops, cash crops and damage to infrastructure. Localized impacts were noted on marine environments from TC-Pam and the drought, along with an earthquake that uplifted reef and destroyed fishing grounds in Malampa province. Communities in Malampa and Shefa provinces also noted a crown-of-thorns outbreak that caused coral mortality. The significant reduction in terrestrial-based food and income generation capacity generally led to increased reliance on marine resources to cope and a shift in diets from local garden food to rice. However, limited market access, lack of fishing skills and technology in many sectors of the community reduced the capacity for marine resources to support recovery. A flexible management approach allowed protected areas and species to be utilized as reservoirs of food and income when temporarily opened to assist recovery. These findings illustrate that fish and fisheries management is at the center of disaster preparedness and relief strategies in remote Pacific Island communities. High physical capital (e.g. infrastructure, water tanks and strong dwellings) is key for disaster preparedness, but supporting community social capital for the purpose of natural resource management and human capital for diverse adaptation skills can also improve community resilience. Recognizing the humanitarian value that well managed fisheries resources and skilled fishers can play to disaster relief adds another dimension to the imperative of improving management of coastal fisheries and aligning policies across sectors. 相似文献