Effects of metal ions on the catalytic degradation of dicofol by cellulase

A new technique whereby cellulase immobilized on aminated silica was applied to catalyze the degradation of dicofol, an organochlorine pesticide. In order to evaluate the performance of free and immobilized cellulase, experiments were carried out to measure the degradation efficiency. The Michaelis constant, K_m, of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized cellulase was 9.16 mg/L, and the maximum reaction rate, V_max, was 0.40 mg/L/min, while that of free cellulase was K_m = 8.18 mg/L, and V_max = 0.79 mg/L/min, respectively. The kinetic constants of catalytic degradation were calculated to estimate substrate affinity. Considering that metal ions may affect enzyme activity, the effects of different metal ions on the catalytic degradation efficiency were explored. The results showed that the substrate affinity decreased after immobilization. Monovalent metal ions had no effect on the reaction, while divalent metal ions had either positive or inhibitory effects, including activation by Mn^2 +, reversible competition with Cd^2 +, and irreversible inhibition by Pb^2 +. Ca^2 + promoted the catalytic degradation of dicofol at low concentrations, but inhibited it at high concentrations. Compared with free cellulase, immobilized cellulase was affected less by metal ions. This work provided a basis for further studies on the co-occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metal ions in the environment.     

Distribution and leaching characteristics of trace elements in ashes as a function of different waste fuels and incineration technologies

Impact of waste fuels (virgin/waste wood, mixed biofuel (peat, bark, wood chips) industrial, household, mixed waste fuel) and incineration technologies on partitioning and leaching behavior of trace elements has been investigated. Study included 4 grate fired and 9 fluidized boilers. Results showed that mixed waste incineration mostly caused increased transfer of trace elements to fly ash; particularly Pb/Zn. Waste wood incineration showed higher transfer of Cr, As and Zn to fly ash as compared to virgin wood. The possible reasons could be high input of trace element in waste fuel/change in volatilization behavior due to addition of certain waste fractions. The concentration of Cd and Zn increased in fly ash with incineration temperature. Total concentration in ashes decreased in order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Sb > As > Mo. The concentration levels of trace elements were mostly higher in fluidized boilers fly ashes as compared to grate boilers (especially for biofuel incineration). It might be attributed to high combustion efficiency due to pre-treatment of waste in fluidized boilers. Leaching results indicated that water soluble forms of elements in ashes were low with few exceptions. Concentration levels in ash and ash matrix properties (association of elements on ash particles) are crucial parameters affecting leaching. Leached amounts of Pb, Zn and Cr in > 50% of fly ashes exceeded regulatory limit for disposal. 87% of chlorine in fly ashes washed out with water at the liquid to solid ratio 10 indicating excessive presence of alkali metal chlorides/alkaline earths.     

瑶湖湖泊水质监测点的优化布设研究

文章采用2010年全年瑶湖水质监测指标的月分析数据,利用物元分析法和动态贴近度法对瑶湖监测点的布设进行了优化分析。研究结果表明,2种方法对瑶湖监测点布设优化后,将原有的14个监测点减至9个监测点,且2种方法优化后所得到的结果基本相同,这为提高监测工作的效率提供了理论上的依据,具有较重要的实践意义。     

Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.     

高速铁路插板式声屏障抗弯能力有限元分析

声屏障作为噪声污染治理的主要措施之一,已广泛应用于公路、铁路、市政等多种领域。以往人们主要做了高速铁路声屏障风荷载等相关研究,本文在分析高速铁路声屏障风载荷构成的基础上,对北京士兴钢结构有限公司提供的声屏障装配体制作了有限元模型对其抗弯能力进行了仿真研究。通过仿真研究整理出一套声屏障抗弯承载力仿真分析的方法,并利用该方法对不同规格和结构的声屏障产品进行了分析研究,对声屏障开发及技术改进做出了理论上的支持。     

微量元素对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响

研究了氮源,铁、铜、锰等金属元素以及Tween 80等有机添加剂对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响。结果表明,氮源是黄孢原毛平革菌生长的必需元素,铜元素和锰元素对苯酚降解具有明显的促进作用,而铁元素的促进作用并不显著。各种微量元素的最佳浓度分别为:氮0.1 g/L、铁0.5 mmol/L、锰1.0 mmol/L、铜0.3 mmol/L、Tween 80 0.01 mmol/L。     

复合硫杆菌生物淋滤对Mn去除的研究

通过利用复合硫杆菌(氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌)在不同接种量(5%,10%,20%)对市政污泥进行生物淋滤实验,探讨了淋滤过程中pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)、Mn的淋滤效果及淋滤过程中其形态的变化。结果表明:该方法能有效淋出污泥中的Mn,生物淋滤12d后,10%接种量反应器Mn的淋出率达到100%;Mn的淋出率受pH和ORP的双重影响,与pH和ORP的关系为:淋出率等于2.439-0.452pH-0.002ORP;各形态中Mn的可交换态和残渣态变化幅度大,从形态变化上表明该淋滤反应对Mn具有有效的淋出;Mn各形态的淋滤能力是:碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>有机物结合态。     

金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对Cd的去除研究

研究了金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对温度的耐受性,以及在一定温度条件下对Cd的去除率。通过10～50℃温度范围内的静态实验,表明枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的温度耐受范围为10～50℃,在工程菌的OD值能维持在2左右时,表明金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的最佳温度范围为25～45℃。通过陶瓷和活性炭两种填料的动态实验,考察了在不同温度条件下基因工程菌对Cd的富集情况,表明在陶瓷填料中基因工程菌下对Cd的去除率达到98.5%。     

Influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin, China

The influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Mine on the atmospheric flow in nearby Fuxin City in China was analyzed with the aid of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations. The finite element method was used to obtain numerical solutions to these equations. The results showed that the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine contributes to the turbulent flow in the Fuxin City and its surroundings. However,when compared with the climatic effects, the open pit mine has a relatively small impact on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin.     

混凝土箱梁桥零号块水化热过程分析研究

结合黄沙港大桥工程实际,以箱室内外温度测试数据作为边界条件,根据混凝土水化过程的热传导方程,应用有限元分析程序ANSYS,对浇筑期间预应力混凝土连续箱梁零号块结构的温度场进行了仿真分析,并将仿真计算结果与混凝土连续箱梁的实测结果进行了比较。然后,应用ANSYS软件,采用增量法,动态模拟浇筑过程中水化热温度场变化引起的结构应力变化,得到了施工过程中应力场的时间和空间分布规律。分析表明,由于顶板和底板厚度较薄、内外温差较大,温度引起的残余应力也相对较大,而腹板最终的残余应力较小。因此,应该通过覆盖保温材料,控制厚度较薄的底板和顶板的内外温差,以改善内部混凝土后期受力状况,同时要注意控制预应力张拉时间和张拉力的大小。