Connecting sources, fractions and algal availability of sediment phosphorus in shallow lakes: An approach to the criteria for sediment phosphorus concentrations

Although point and nonpoint sources contribute roughly equal nutrient loads to lakes, their relative role in supporting algae growth has not been clarified. In this research, we have established a quantitative relationship between algae-available phosphorus (P) and P chemical fractions in sediments; the latter indicates the relative contribution of point versus nonpoint sources. Surface sediments from three large shallow lakes in eastern China, namely, the Chaohu, Taihu and Hongzehu Lakes, were sampled to assess their algae-available P and chemically extracted P fractions. The algae-available P primarily comes from iron/aluminium (hydr)oxide-bound P (Fe/Al-bound P), 45% of which is algae-available P. The ratio of Fe/Al-bound P to calcium compound-bound P (Ca-bound P) indicated the relative contribution of point to nonpoint sources, with the point sources contributing the majority of increased Fe/Al-bound P in sediments. Therefore, the reduction of point sources from urbanized areas, rather than nonpoint sources from agricultural areas that primarily contribute to the Ca-bound P fraction, should be prioritized to alleviate cyanobacterial algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in shallow lakes with sediment P as a potential source to support algae growth. With these important results, we proposed a conceptual model for “P-pumping suction” from sediments to algae to aid in the development of the criteria for sediment P concentrations in shallow lakes.     

重金属污染土壤植物修复法

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种较新的生态技术 ,其中 ,寻找重金属超富集植物是目前世界范围的研究热点。本文简要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复法的原理及类型 ,重金属超富集植物的应用潜力与最新展望 ,对国内外在这一领域的研究进展作一简单综述。     

杭州市城郊土壤重金属含量和形态的研究

研究了杭州市城郊文教居民区、风景旅游区、市郊农业区、市内商业区和市郊工业区等5种土地利用背景下的32个土样中8个重金属元素（Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn）的含量和形态。结果表明，杭州市城郊土壤已受重金属的明显污染，其中以Pb的污染最为严重。污染程度为：市郊工业区＞市内商业区＞风景旅游区＞文教居民区＞市郊农业区。用连续提取方法对重金属分级表明，Cd、Co、Cr和Ni主要以残余态为主，平均占总量的60％以上，而Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn主要以酸可提取态、氧化物结合态和有机结合态存在，有较大的释放潜力和生物有效性。     

人工智能在金属塑性加工领域中的应用

概述了人工智能及其 2个主要分支 (专家系统和人工神经网络 ) ,讨论了遗传算法与专家系统集成以及神经网络与模糊逻辑、专家系统集成的必要性和集成方法 ,分别介绍了专家系统和人工神经网络在塑性加工领域中的应用现状。     

二氧化钛-水体系氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究

对TiO2的两种常见同质多像变体金红石和锐钛矿与水之间的氧同位素分馈系数的实验研究进行了系统的总结和评述。水热品化法（575～775℃）和水热氧化法（300～700℃）以及低温水解（22～50℃）获得的实验金红石－水体系分馏系数与增量方法理论计算结果相一致。低温水对法获得的锐钛矿－水体系分馏可能是一种不平衡分馏，其分馏系数的大小决定于锐钛矿的形成机制。同时，低温水解实验还揭示．在低温矿物形成和同质多像转变过程中可能存在氧同位素继承性，这对解释低温环境氧同位素数据具有重要的地球化学意义。     

一种预测左半部成形极限图的简单方法

板材成形性能的评价一般基于成形极限图(FLD)。然而，无论是经由理论计算还是实验方法来获得成形极限图依然很困难而且很耗时。提出了一种预测深拉延部分成形极限图的新方法。假设对所有钢板来说其成形极限图的形状几乎都是一样的，而深拉延变形区域内其失效厚度应变也几乎一样，据此可利用体积不变原理推导出主应变和次应变之间的关系。结果表明，根据此方法计算的左半侧(拉深应变区)成形极限图与实验获得的FLD基本一致。     

Hydrogen storage and distribution systems

Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace.     

金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法，分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性，并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。     

长期施肥下浙江稻田不同颗粒组分有机碳的稳定特征

依托浙江水网地区稻田长期定位施肥试验(1996~2013年),利用固态13C核磁共振波谱技术,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤各颗粒组分有机碳含量及其化学结构特征.结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)、栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施栏肥(OM)处理均显著(P0.05)增加了砂粒(2~0.02 mm)、粉粒(0.02~0.002mm)和黏粒(0.002 mm)组分中有机碳含量;而单施秸秆(RS)处理仅显著增加砂粒组分有机碳含量.此外,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥和化肥配施促进了新增有机碳在粉粒和黏粒组分的分配,更有利于新增有机碳的稳定.应用13C-NMR波谱技术进行结构表征,结果表明粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的化学结构存在明显差异,粉粒组分烷氧碳、芳香碳的相对含量高于黏粒,而烷基碳、羰基碳的相对含量低于黏粒.长期有机肥与化肥配施下粉粒和黏粒烷基碳相对含量较单施有机肥处理分别降低9.1%~11.9%和13.7%~19.9%,烷氧碳的相对含量则分别增加2.9%~6.3%和13.4%~22.1%,表明有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的分解程度.长期单施化肥处理下粉粒和黏粒组分有机质的芳化度和疏水性低于单施有机肥处理和不施肥处理,有机质的矿化稳定性较低.长期有机肥与化肥配施,尤其是NPKOM处理,通过增加化学抗性化合物和碳水化合物的积累,并且减缓活性组分的分解提高粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳含量,是促进稻田土壤有机碳可持续积累的有效措施.     

黄浦江流域典型污水中不同粒径胶体的三维荧光光谱特征

基于切向流超滤系统及三维荧光光谱技术,对黄浦江流域典型污水(即生活污水及农业污水)中的胶体进行粒径分级及三维荧光光谱特性分析.结果表明,所选水样的胶体质量浓度及胶体态有机碳质量浓度分别为9.60~32.50 mg·L~(-1)和0.03~6.25 mg·L~(-1),二者均随粒径的增加而呈递增趋势.不同粒径分级胶体的三维荧光图谱表现为类蛋白荧光峰(峰D和峰T)及类腐殖质荧光峰(峰C和峰A)这4个荧光峰,其中类蛋白荧光峰主要存在于M_r1×10~3~5×10~3分级胶体中,类腐殖质荧光峰主要存在于M_r10×10~3~300×10~3分级胶体中.同时,通过表征胶体荧光光谱特性的荧光指数,包括FI值、腐殖化指数HIX及生源指数BIX,分析了所选胶体的来源及光谱特性.结果表明,小粒径胶体主要为陆源来源,芳香性及腐殖化程度较高;而大粒径胶体自生源比重大,类蛋白物质是其主要成分.