Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

热脱附对多环芳烃和重金属复合污染土壤的影响

热脱附技术被广泛用于污染场地修复,但其对多环芳烃（PAHs）与重金属复合污染土壤的综合影响仍不清楚。选用PAHs和重金属复合污染模拟土壤,探究热脱附温度（220~400 ℃）和停留时间（5~60 min）对土壤中PAHs的影响,分析空气与氮气气氛下热脱附温度（310、340和370 ℃）对土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、As和Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明：随热脱附温度和停留时间的增加,土壤中PAHs去除率显著增加;低环PAHs占比逐渐减少,而高环PAHs占比逐渐增加。在2种气氛热脱附后,Cu、Pb和As弱酸提取态占比略有增加,而Cd弱酸提取态占比显著降低;可还原态和可氧化态的转化趋势具有差异性。随着热脱附温度的升高,Cu、Pb、As和Cd 4种重金属的残渣态占比均逐渐增加,说明热脱附有利于4种重金属的固定。相较于空气,氮气条件下4种重金属可氧化态和残渣态占比均增加;Cu和Pb可还原态占比显著降低,而As可还原态占比有所降低,Cd可还原态占比变化不大。氮气更有利于Cu、Pb和Cd的稳定;相反,空气更有利于As的稳定。

     

吸附法处理重金属废水研究进展

对吸附法处理重金属废水的研究进展进行了综述,包括吸附机理、影响吸附的相关因素和常用吸附剂及其应用,同时展望了吸附法处理重金属废水的发展方向。     

滇池内湖滨带沉积物中重金属形态分析

采用BCR3步分级提取法测定了滇池内湖滨带沉积物中4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn)不同形态的含量,初步评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,Cd和Zn主要以可提取态存在(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态),而Pb和Cu均以残渣态为主要存在形式.通过计算可提取态含量所占总量百分量大小,可知各金属的生物有效性大小排序为:Zn(53.06%)>Cd(50.84%)>Cu(34.62%)> Pb(28.65%).沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)与各金属不同形态间的相关性分析表明,可氧化态重金属与有机碳结合的趋势远大于弱酸溶解态和可还原态.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显表现为草海>外海,除Cu外,大部分样点的可提取态Pb、Cd和Zn含量均随采样深度增加而减少.     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

HPLC-ICP-MS在植物有机硒形态分析中的应用现状

植物是人们摄取硒的主要来源,富硒植物中富含可开发利用的有机硒,我国湖北恩施高硒地区富硒植物资源丰富亟待开发利用。植物中硒的形态分析是研究开发富硒植物资源的基础,而高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)是目前硒形态分析使用最为广泛的技术,它在样品的前处理、分析灵敏度、准确性等方面均具有优势,可以实现富硒植物中含硒生物大分子、硒形态以及与氨基酸结合位点及机理的分析。因此作者综述了植物样品的预处理过程,介绍了HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术在测定植物硒形态及其应用方面的研究成果,为我国富硒植物、富硒产品中硒形态的分析测定、开发富硒植物资源提供指导。     

石灰干化污泥稳定后土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn浸出行为的研究

以人工制备Zn、Pb、Cd污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP、SPLP、去离子水浸提和优化的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-99.54%、Pb-99.60%、Cd-99.85%.SPLP和去离子水浸出评价稳定效果时,Pb和Zn在加入质量分数10%和20%的干化污泥时浸出明显降低,但在加入30%和40%时由于在强碱条件Pb和Zn会再溶出,导致稳定效果变差.为了恢复植物生长功能,经过FeSO4和H3PO4调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时FeSO4和H3PO4有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果.经稳定化后,土壤中的重金属可交换态降低,限制了土壤重金属的迁移.该研究结果表明石灰干化污泥可以再利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的稳定化修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质.     

安溪铁观音茶园土壤重金属赋存形态及生态风险评价

用改进的BCR连续提取法提取安溪铁观音茶园土壤中重金属元素(Li、Fe、Zn、Ba、Sr、Ti、Co、Cr、Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、V、Mg、Cu)的赋存形态,分析其生物有效性并作出生态风险评价。重金属赋存形态研究结果表明,Cd的形态总体分布为弱酸溶态残渣态可还原态可氧化态,Pb的形态总体分布为可还原态可氧化态弱酸溶态残渣态,Cu的形态总体分布为可还原态可氧化态残渣态弱酸溶态,其余重金属皆以残渣态为主。生物有效性分析结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Sr等重金属的潜在生物可利用性较高,其所占百分比分别为90.4%、73.0%、36.6%、32.8%、23.8%、22.9%。对茶园土壤中的重金属作生态风险评价,地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法结果均表明,大部分土壤样品是清洁安全的,部分土壤受到Cd元素污染,污染程度达到中度污染级别。     

湖泊沉积物质量基准研究进展

当前湖泊沉积物污染问题日益引起广泛关注,建立切实可行的沉积物环境质量基准,是对受污染沉积物进行科学评价和有效治理的重要前提。本论文介绍了沉积物质量基准的概念和国内外在该领域的最新研究进展,阐述了建立沉积物质量基准的主要方法,并对当前沉积物质量基准存在的关键问题和未来研究前景进行了分析。作者认为,当前亟待开展复合污染条件下的沉积物环境质量基准研究,应注重数值型沉积物质量基准和生物响应型沉积物质量基准的有机结合,加快建立沉积物毒性试验的标准方法体系,加强沉积物污染物的赋存形态与迁移转化规律研究,探索建立符合我国区域特点的沉积物质量基准理论、技术和方法体系,提高沉积物质量基准的准确性、针对性和适用性。     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.