中外饮用水水质标准的微生物指标比较

结合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006),与国外标准(美国环保署的《美国饮用水水质标准》、欧盟的《饮用水水质指令》、世界卫生组织的《饮用水水质准则》及其他某些国家的饮用水标准)中的微生物指标进行了分析比较。综合评价了各水质标准的特点,并对我国的水质标准的微生物指标提出了意见和建议。     

Air pollution impact assessment on agroecosystem and human health characterisation in the area surrounding the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy): a multidisciplinary approach

In order to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy) on agriculture, sulphur dioxide and ozone levels in air were monitored and the data were used to estimate yield losses of the most widespread cultures. Trace element concentrations in crops and soils were also detected and metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities were considered. Vibrio fischeri test was used to appraise airborne pollutant ecotoxicity and epidemiological studies on causes of death distribution were carried out to characterize health state of people living in the area. All the sampling points were selected in farms on the basis of a theoretical meteo-diffusive model of industrial air pollutants. Experimental SO₂ and O₃ values mainly exceeded the threshold established by Italian and EU regulations to protect vegetation and they correspond to estimated significant crop losses. Conversely toxic element residues in soils and in agroalimentary products were generally lower than the fixed values. SO₂ and O₃ concentrations, toxic element contents and ecotoxicity levels of airborne pollutants were not related only to industrial site emissions, while the fluctuations on metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities seem to agree with the predicted deposition of xenobiotic compounds from the industrial plants. The epidemiological study evidenced a better health state of populations living in the investigated area than in the Messina province and the Sicily region but, inside the area, males living in the municipalities closest to the industrial settlement exhibited a worst health state than those in the very far ones.     

六氯苯对水体微型生物群落的影响及其吸附行为

研究了六氯苯(HCB)对微型水生生物群落的影响及其吸附、传递过程.测定了群落的耗氧量和不同粒经颗粒物的生物量及HCB变化.试验结果显示,在6μg/L HCB影响下,群落的呼吸作用受到抑制,生物量减少.试验第1天,30.0%(质量分数,下同)的HCB以溶解态存在,26.3%吸附在0.22～2 μm的颗粒物(以细菌为主)上,22.1%吸附在2～8 μm的颗粒物(以鞭毛虫和藻类为主)上,21.6%吸附在大于8 μm的颗粒物(以藻类和大型原生动物为主)上.48 h后,溶解态的HCB逐渐减少,并由食物链低营养级向高营养级传递.最后74.9%的HCB都吸附在微型生物群落等颗粒物上,只有25.1%的HCB以溶解态存在.     

Effects of different carbon sources on the removal of ciprofloxacin and pollutants by activated sludge: Mechanism and biodegradation

This research investigated the effects of ciprofloxacin(CIP)(0.5, 5, and 20 mg/L) on SBR systems under different carbon source conditions. Microbial community abundance and structure were determined by quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, respectively.The biodegradation production of CIP and possible degradation mechanism were also studied. Results showed that CIP had adverse effects on the nutrient removal from wastewater.Compared with sodium acetate, glucose could be more effective...     

絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选到１３株产絮凝剂的菌株,经复筛得到１株具有较高絮凝活性的菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐＧＸ４－１。该菌产絮凝剂的适宜培养基及培养条件如下:葡萄糖２％,酵母膏０.４％,ＫＨ２ＰＯ４０.４％,ｐＨ７．０～９．０,３０℃,２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ,摇床培养２～３ｄ。产生具有高絮凝活性的絮凝剂,对高岭土悬液的絮凝率最高可达９２.７％      

Inherent mineralization of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) in unsaturated zone and aquifers--effect of initial concentrations and adaptation

The dichlobenil metabolite BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzamide) is frequently detected in aquifers e.g. in Denmark despite the mother compound dichlobenil was banned here since 1997. BAM mineralization was investigated at environmentally relevant concentrations in sediment samples. Undisturbed sediment cores with known dichlobenil application were collected from topsoil to 8.5 m below surface resulting in 57 samples hereof 4 aquifer samples. Mineralization was only substantial (>10%) in the uppermost meter of the unsaturated zone. Microbial adaptation, observed as faster mineralization in pre-exposed than in pristine sediments from the same location, was only evident in sandy sediment where dichlobenil was still present, but not in clayey sediments. Higher initial concentrations (1-5000 μg/kg) did not stimulate mineralization in pristine clayey or sandy sediments, or in pre-exposed sand. However, in pre-exposed clay mineralization was stimulated at high concentrations. Furthermore BAM was for the first time mineralized in aerobic aquifer sediments from different BAM-contaminated groundwater locations.     

Altitudinal distributions of BDE-209 and other polybromodiphenyl ethers in high mountain lakes

The present study shows the occurrence of 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in microbial biofilms of Pyrenean and Tatra high mountain lakes despite its low vapor pressure and high hydrophobicity. Aerosol air transport is therefore a feasible mechanism for BDE-209 accumulation in sites up to 2688 m above sea level. This compound and other PBDEs exhibit altitudinally-dependent distribution involving higher concentrations with increasing mountain lake elevation. However, the apparently very high enthalpies of the concentration gradients observed, including BDE-209, suggest that bacterial anaerobic debromination also plays a significant role in the resulting altitudinal distributions. This microbial mechanism explains the relative abundances of PBDEs and their within lake differences between rocky and sediment microbial biofilms, thereby showing that the altitudinal pattern observed is not purely due to water temperature control on bacterial activity but also to changes in the availability of anaerobic microenvironments which increase with increasing lake productivity at lower altitudes.     

The effect of triclosan on microbial community structure in three soils

The application of sewage sludge to land can expose soils to a range of associated chemical toxicants. In this paper we explore the effects of the broad spectrum anti-microbial compound triclosan on the phenotypic composition of the microbial communities of three soils of contrasting texture (loamy sand, sandy loam and clay) using phospholipid fatty-acid (PLFA) analysis. Each soil type was dosed and subsequently re-dosed 6 weeks later with triclosan at five nominal concentrations in microcosms (10, 100, 500, 1000 mg kg⁻¹ and a zero-dose control). PLFA profiles were analysed using multivariate statistics focussing on changes in the soil phenotypic community structure. Additionally, ratios of fungal:bacterial PLFA indicators and cyclo:mono-unsaturated PLFAs (a common stress indicator) were calculated. It was hypothesised that triclosan addition would alter the community structure in each soil with a particular effect on the fungal:bacterial ratio, since bacteria are likely to be more susceptible to triclosan than fungi. It was also hypothesised that the PLFA response to re-dosing would be suppressed due to acclimation. Although the microbial community structure changed over the course of the experiment, the response was complex. Soil type and time emerged as the most important explanatory factors. Principal component analysis was used to detect phenotypic responses to different doses of triclosan in each soil. As expected, there was a significant increase in the fungal:bacterial ratio with triclosan dose especially in treatments with the highest nominal concentrations. Furthermore, the PLFA response to re-dosing was negligible in all soils confirming the acclimation hypothesis.     

Does anthracene affect microbial activities and organic matter decomposition? A comparative study in Pinus halepensis litters from Mediterranean coastal and inland areas

The widespread concern about pollution caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) raises the question of how they affect soil microbial communities which are potentially involved in the transformation of these pollutants. Using microcosms, we describe the effect of anthracene, a model PAH, on microbial communities inhabiting a Pinus halepensis litter from both coastal (COS) and inland (INL) Mediterranean sites. The microcosms were incubated over 3 months (25 °C, 60% WHC) and the effects of anthracene on microbial activities of both litters were monitored. Different enzyme activities (laccase, cellulase, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase) and microbial respiration were measured and variations in litter chemical composition over incubation were determined using ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) from both sites. Our results show that lignocellulolytic enzymes increased markedly after a 3-month incubation in COS microcosms, especially in the presence of anthracene, whereas INL microcosms were not similarly affected. These results show that anthracene not only has no toxic effect on the microbial activities tested but actually enhances the lignocellulolytic activities of the fungal communities from coastal litters, demonstrating the detoxification potential and resistance of stressed Mediterranean coastal ecosystems.