混凝微界面过程研究与进展:AOM颗/粒物-IPF水-溶液相互作用的重要性

颗粒物微界面的物理化学过程在混凝工艺中起着十分重要的决定作用.有关界面过程化学的研究构成了混凝技术研究与发展的重要内容和理论基础.本文仅以颗粒物/AOM-IPF-水溶液的相互作用为例,从水体颗粒物的稳定性、高效纳米絮凝剂的研究、微界面形态与过程以及混凝作用机理等诸方面,对该领域的研究与进展加以系统介绍.     

二乙烯三胺接枝螯合絮凝剂的制备及其除汞性能

以聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、甲醛、二乙烯三胺(DETA)为原料,按照Mannich反应机理制备部分胺化接枝型螯合絮凝剂(CFA),并对其去除水中汞的性能进行了研究.同时,实验考察了螯合絮凝剂合成及从含汞废水中除汞的最佳条件.结果表明,基于在聚丙烯酰胺分子长链上引入具有螯合作用的基团,所得的螯合絮凝剂既具有捕捉Hg2+的螯合作用又具有絮凝作用,对含汞8.1mg·L-1的模拟废水,按0.020%的投加量(絮凝剂与废水质量比),在搅拌速度80~100r·min-1、搅拌时间15min、沉降时间10min的条件下,进行絮凝沉淀处理后,可去除99.5%的汞,除汞效果明显,处理后的水可达到国家排放标准.因此,螯合絮凝剂可用于低浓度含汞废水的处理.同时,该螯合絮凝剂具有合成工艺简单、除汞快速、操作简便等特点,可望成为一种新型、低成本含汞废水处理材料.     

MBFA9对蛋白核小球藻生长的影响研究

以蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）实验生物,以生物量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化酶活力的变化为指标,研究了不同浓度的高效微生物絮凝剂MBFA9对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应,结果表明：低浓度短时间内MBFA9可以抑制蛋白核小球藻的生长,随着时间的延长,抑制作用减弱并最终消失;高浓度MBFA9最终可以轻微促进蛋白核小球藻生长,但SOD比活力和POD比活力稳定,表明未启动抗氧化酶系统和非酶抗性系统,对藻细胞不构成伤害。初步证明,絮凝剂MBFA9无急毒反应,是一种安全的、无毒的、对生态环境友好的微生物发酵制品。     

一株海洋假单胞菌产生物絮凝剂去除赤潮生物的实验研究

利用一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)的发酵液研究了该细菌产絮凝剂对东海原甲藻和裸甲藻的絮凝去除作用.结果表明,该生物絮凝剂可有效絮凝去除实验所选用两种赤潮生物,并且随絮凝剂用量的增加以及作用时间的延长,去除效果逐渐增加至最大然后基本保持恒定.有效絮凝去除赤潮生物的体积浓度为4.0%～10.0%.有效絮凝作用时间为1.5 h左右,絮凝效率与体系的pH值密切相关,pH在8.0左右絮凝效率较高.不同浓度的Ca2+、Mg2+对该絮凝剂絮凝除藻作用有一定的增效作用, Ca2+、Mg2+的最佳助凝离子浓度分别为2.0 mmol/L及4.0 mmol/L.     

阳离子高分子絮凝剂的合成及其在油田的应用

利用ASP以及其他助剂组成的复合引发体系,研究了在50℃下采用水溶液自由基聚合方式,得到了溶解性能好的阳离子均聚物PDMDAAC。考察了pH值、引发剂用量和单体浓度对阳离子均聚物黏度和阳离子度的影响。研究了PDMDAAC作为絮凝荆在油田污水处理中的应用。     

纳米TiO2-PAC复合絮凝剂的制备及絮凝效果研究

将溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2粉体与缓慢加碱法制得的PAC通过超声反应聚合制得纳米TiO2-PAC复合絮凝剂。通过絮凝实验表明：TiO2-PAC无论是在去除悬浮物,还是在降低CODG和色度方面,均优于普通PAC和AlCl30絮凝过程是纳米TiO2的强吸附作用和PAC的吸附电中和、吸附架桥和沉淀网捕作用共同作用的结果。     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride: The role of hydrolyzed Fe(Ⅲ) and silica interaction

The highly efficient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These effects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation efficiency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coaguiation/fiocculation efficiency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping,adsorption bridging mechanism.     

新型高分子絮凝剂对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的捕集性能

研究了新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX)对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的捕集性能,考察了Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、p H值、共存无机物以及共存浊度对PEX处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的影响.结果表明,PEX在强酸条件下对废水中不同浓度的铬均具有很好的去除效果,体系p H值为2.0时,Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的最高去除率可分别达到99.1%和96.6%.废水中共存的影响物质Na Cl、Na F、Na2SO4、Ca Cl2和浊度均会抑制Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,促进总Cr的去除.红外光谱显示,PEX高分子链上的二硫代羧基可将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),还原产物Cr(Ⅲ)进一步与PEX分子链上的二硫代羧基、胺基发生螯合反应.     

腐殖酸对改性聚乙烯亚胺去除水中Cu(Ⅱ)的影响

采用二硫化碳和氢氧化钠对聚乙烯亚胺进行改性,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX).以含Cu(Ⅱ)水样为处理对象,研究了腐殖酸(HA)的存在对改性聚乙烯亚胺(PEX)去除水样中Cu(Ⅱ)性能的影响,探讨了HA共存时PEX除Cu(Ⅱ)机理.结果表明,HA的存在对PEX去除Cu(Ⅱ)表现出一定的抑制作用,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率随着体系中共存HA浓度的增大而降低,随着PEX投加量的增加而升高,随着pH值的升高而升高;当PEX投加量增加到100 mg·L~(-1)以上或体系pH值升高到6.0时,可消除HA的抑制影响,Cu(Ⅱ)的最高去除率均可达到100%.絮体的Zeta电位随着共存HA浓度的增加而升高,PEX除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝作用机理以吸附架桥为主;PEX高分子链上的二硫代羧基与Cu(Ⅱ)发生了螯合沉淀反应,PEX对共存体系中Cu(Ⅱ)和HA均具有一定的去除效果.     

Comparing the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil after different bioremediation approaches in relationto the extracellular enzyme activities

A 120-day experiment was conducted to compare the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from agricultural soil after natural attenuation(NA), phytoremediation(P), mycoremediation(M), and plant-assisted mycoremediation(PAM) approaches in relation to the extracellular enzyme activities in soil. The NA treatment removed the total soil PAH content negligibly. The P treatment using maize(Zea mays) enhanced only the removal of low and medium molecular PAHs. The Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on 30–50 mm wood chip substrate used in M treatment was the most successful in the removal of majority PAHs. Therefore,significantly(p 0.05) highest total PAH removal by 541.4 μg/kg dw(dry weight)(36%) from all tested M treatments was observed. When using the same fungal substrate together with maize in PAM treatment, the total PAH removal was not statistically different from the previous M treatment. However, the maize-assisted mycoremediation treatment significantly boosted fungal biomass, microbial and manganese peroxidase activity in soil which strongly correlated with the removal of total PAHs. The higher PAH removal in that PAM treatment could be reflected in the following post-harvest time. Our suggested M and PAM approaches could be promising in situ bioremediation strategies for PAH-contaminated soils.