Copper tolerance in the macrolichens Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis is constitutive rather than inducible

In this study we assessed the degree of copper (Cu) tolerance in two common lichen species (Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis) that grow on both uncontaminated substrata and the surface of waste heaps from abandoned old Cu-mines. Regardless of their locality, populations of these lichens contain identical strains of photobionts (Asterochloris clade A in C. arbuscula subsp. mitis and clade D in C. furcata). Therefore, it was expected that if there were differences in Cu toxicity or tolerance between populations, that the photobiont could not be a key element of Cu tolerance in these two lichen species. In laboratory experiments samples of both lichen species (from contaminated and control sites) were incubated in Cu solutions (500 μM) for 24 h. We attempted to determine whether Cu tolerance in these lichens was constitutive, or inducible form. Based on measurements of Cu accumulation, chlorophyll a integrity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthesis, respiration, measurements of the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the content of soluble proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the amount of extracellular secondary metabolites of both lichens we found that there were no significant differences in the response of all selected populations of both lichen species to short-term exposure to these high levels of Cu. As a result, we conclude that Cu tolerance in these two lichen species is the constitutive rather than the inducible.     

油库火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应定量评价

引入多米诺效应定义,介绍多米诺效应定量评价的方法。结合具体实例对油库进行火灾爆炸事故的风险分析,给出事故多米诺效应定量评价的具体程序。通过油库火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应评价,得出油库事故的升级因素和导致事故扩大的途径,并指出相应的多米诺效应控制措施。与传统的评价方法相比,多米诺效应评价方法可预测次生事故发生情况和发生概率及后果,从而可以有针对性地采取相应的预防措施,预防事故多米诺效应,降低次生灾害的发生率,提高油库的本质安全程度。     

Chemical defense and evolution in the Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)

Summary. Recent advances in both the systematics and the natural products chemistry of the order Sacoglossa (=Ascoglossa) in the gastropod subclass Opisthobranchia suggest a revised and improved historical account of the evolution of the group. Although the algal genus Caulerpa makes a suitable model for the ancestral food of the order, other siphonaceous algae are consistent with both morphological and chemical data. At an early evolutionary stage terpenoids are sequestered from the food, and used defensively, often with modification. With an evolutionary switch to different kinds of algal food, there is often a shift to other, related defensive chemicals. A switch to new food source sometimes leads to the abandonment of chemical defense, but in other cases there is de-novo synthesis of defensive metabolites. The synthesis of polypropionates, which are used defensively, occurs in some other gastropods, but otherwise is known only in fungi. The systematic distribution of the defensive polypropionates suggests that their defensive use has evolved several times among gastropods. Failure to detect them may mean that synthetic capacity has evolved more than once, or it may mean that they exist at low levels, perhaps having a non-defensive function. Received 9 February 1998; accepted 20 March 1998.     

Toxicity of cobalt-complexed cyanide to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss,Daphnia magna</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriodaphnia dubia</Emphasis>

Background Cobalt cyanide complexes often result when ore is treated with cyanide solutions to extract gold and other metals. These have recently been discovered in low but significant concentrations in effluents from gold leach operations. This study was conducted to determine the potential toxicity of cobalt-cyanide complexes to freshwater organisms and the extent to which ultraviolet radiation (UV) potentiates this toxicity. Tests were also conducted to determine if humic acids or if adaptation to UV influenced sensitivity to the cyanide complexes. Methods Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to potassium hexacyanocobaltate in the presence and absence of UV radiation, in the presence and absence of humic acids. Cyano-cobalt exposures were also conducted with C. dubia from cultures adapted to elevated UV. Results With an LC50 concentration of 0.38 mg/L, cyanocobalt was over a 1000 times more toxic to rainbow trout in the presence of UV at a low, environmentally relevant irradiance level (4 μW/cm² as UVB) than exposure to this compound in the absence of UV with an LC50 of 112.9 mg/L. Toxicity was immediately apparent, with mortality occurring within an hour of the onset of exposure at the highest concentration. Fish were unaffected by exposure to UV alone. Weak-acid dissociable cyanide concentrations were observed in irradiated aqueous solutions of cyanocobaltate within hours of UV exposure and persisted in the presence of UV for at least 96 hours, whereas negligible concentrations were observed in the absence of UV. The presence of humic acids significantly diminished cyanocobalt toxicity to D. magna and reduced mortality from UV exposure. Humic acids did not significantly influence survival among C. dubia. C. dubia from UV-adapted populations were less sensitive to metallocyanide compounds than organisms from unadapted populations. Conclusions The results indicate that metallocyanide complexes may pose a hazard to aquatic life through photochemically induced processes. Factors that decrease UV exposure such as dissolved organic carbon or increased pigmentation would diminish toxicity.     

20个小麦品种对UV-B辐射增强响应的形态学差异

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下 ,模拟UV -B辐射增强对 2 0个小麦品种影响的形态学差异。结果表明 ,叶面积指数、株高、节间长、茎基粗对UV -B辐射增强响应具有品种间差异。株高和节间长对UV -B辐射响应具有一致性 ,呈极显著正相关。根据形态响应指数 (MRI) ,耐性品种 (MRI>- 8 5 )为 :辽春 9>文麦 3>大理 90 5 >兰州 80 10 1>绵阳 2 6 >YV 97- 31>毕 90 - 5。敏感品种 (MRI <- 49 4)为 :会宁 18>繁 19>楚雄 880 7>My 94- 9>黔 14>云麦 39>陇春 16。耐性品种具有较小的叶展开角度 ,敏感品种具有较大的叶展开角度。UV -B辐射还不同程度抑制小麦条锈病的发生     

Dynamic simulation of hazard analysis of radiations from LNG pool fire

Because of its highly flammable nature, any accidental release of liquefied natural gas (LNG) could possibly pose significant fire hazard. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to analyze this hazard around an existing LNG station. By assuming an LNG pool fire occurring in an impoundment area, dynamic simulations of flame development have been carried out. In order to provide more reliable simulation results, a study was first conducted to determine the mesh independence and suitable time step. The results of CFD simulations were also compared with those using the commonly-used phenomenological model. The simulation results showed that LNG tanks in the neighbor dike area could withstand the received radiant heat flux, and the areas involving human activities, such as security office and public area, were also secure enough for people to escape from the hazards. LNG vaporizers, which are often located close to tank area, could possibly receive relatively higher radiant heat flux. High temperature achieved on vaporizers could cause material failure. CFD calculations have also indicated that increasing the spacing distance or using flowing water curtain could reduce this temperature. It is concluded that CFD method is significantly more effective to account for LNG hazard analysis and provide realistic results for complicated scenarios, thus providing meaningful information for safety consideration.     

煤岩变形破裂的电磁辐射规律及其应用研究

对受载煤体变形破裂电磁辐射规律进行了研究及分析 ,并对煤岩电磁辐射技术应用于预测预报煤与瓦斯突出进行了试验研究。研究结果表明 ,电磁辐射与煤岩体的载荷、加载速率及变形破裂过程呈正相关。煤岩电磁辐射技术在预测预报煤与瓦斯突出等方面有着非常广阔的应用前景。     

紫外辐射增强对麦二叉蚜发生量的影响

研究春小麦大田栽培自然光条件下,模拟紫外辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２９０￣３１５ｎｍ）分别增加２．５４、４．２５及５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ＾－２对小麦（寄生虫麦二叉蚜（Ｓｃｈｉｚａｐｈｉｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｕｍ）的发生、种群密度、繁殖系数等方面的影响。结果表明麦二叉蚜的种群密度与其当年的发生量密切相关,并且种群密度随着ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射强度的增加明显降低,但对麦二叉蚜的繁殖特性没有显著的抑制作用。因此认为,未来臭氧层减薄紫外     

UV—B辐射对田间春小麦生物量和产量的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射（ＵＶ—Ｂ,２８０～３１５ｎｍ）增强对春小麦生物量累积和产量的影响及评估。ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射导致叶、茎、根、穗生物量和总生物量累积降低,生物量分配改变,籽粒产量降低。５．３１ｋＪ／ｍ２ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射处理还明显降低收获指数。模型分析表明,ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射降低总生物量累积速率,总生物量随ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射增加而降低。预测模型表明,１０％和２０％的臭氧衰减导致的ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射增加使籽粒产量、叶和穗生物量明显降低,而根生物量降低较小。     

微波辐照瓜子壳制造活性炭

本文对微波辐照瓜子壳制造活性炭的新方法进行了探索研究,并获得较好的实验结果,所得活性炭成品的亚甲蓝脱色力是国家标准（ＬＹ２１６ － ７９） 一级品的４／３ 倍,所需工艺时间仅为传统方法的１／３６ 。