STEP WISE,MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE CALIBRATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR A SNOWMELT DOMINATED BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The ability to apply a hydrologic model to large numbers of basins for forecasting purposes requires a quick and effective calibration strategy. This paper presents a step wise, multiple objective, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration. This procedure includes the sequential calibration of a model's simulation of solar radiation (SR), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water balance, and daily runoff. The procedure uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search algorithm to calibrate the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System in the Yampa River basin of Colorado. This process assures that intermediate states of the model (SR and PET on a monthly mean basis), as well as the water balance and components of the daily hydrograph are simulated consistently with measured values.     

Graphical Presentation of 50/60 Hz Magnetic Field Contours as an Engineering Tool for Minimizing ELF Fields

Summary Since IARC classified ELF magnetic field as Possibly Carcinogenic to Human the fear from 50/60 Hz magnetic field exposure had been increased to the state of public “panic”. Subsequently, environment quality preservation organizations increased their pressure on their government to adopt the “precautionary principle” and to reduce the allowable ELF Magnetic Field exposure to much lower values than are recommended by ICNIRP-1998. As an example the present Environmental Ministry in Israel recommendation is to lower the ELF Field exposure to 10 mG averaged over 24 h. As a result of this stringent exposure guideline imposed by the government, electrical engineers who are involved in the deployment and installation of large and medium electrical utilities, such as overhead power lines, transformers, UPS systems, electrical public transportation, switching stations, etc., are much more aware to the need to employ special measures and methods for reducing the magnetic fields that might be emitted from such utilities. There are few computer codes that are capable of analyzing with great accuracy magnetic and electric fields surrounding single phase and three phase electrical utilities in a 3-D system. The best presentations of the analysis results are by equi-value contours depicting electric and magnetic fields. This graphical presentation is a powerful design tool that enables better deployment and installation design aided to reduce the magnetic field emissions from high-power electrical utilities. This paper describes the various types of graphical presentations available for ELF field contours, the dependent and independent variants and parameters, magnetic field animation for optimization of power line installation and routing, and finally an example that demonstrates the usefulness of the graphical presentation tools.     

Thermal Effects of Photon-Phonon Interaction on a Simple Tissue

Summary The thermal effect due to electromagnetic absorption by human tissues is investigated at different frequencies ranging from 10¹–10¹⁶ Hz. Special emphasis is being considered in the microwave band used in wireless communications of the mobile industry. The present work examines basically the thermal effect that arises as the duration of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation and its dosage is increased. Using a computer simulation, a semi-classical model is adopted, were the photon-phonon interaction is mediated by a homogenous sample of identical elements, which are naturally in harmonic modes of vibration. The phonon lifetime is also included in this work. These thermal effects decrease with frequency in conformity with experimental results. This model is then extrapolated to the individual cells of a human tissue and the possible rise in temperature is estimated.     

高速公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的后果分析

本文针对公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的实例,对事故发生的原因进行了分析.分析结果认为,事故属于沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),事故对人员和财产危害包括3个方面:火球热辐射、爆炸冲击波超压和抛射碎片.本文介绍了这3种危害的数学模型和方法,并针对事故实例进行了分析和计算.结果表明,在事故发生现场100m范围内的热辐射可致人死亡或造成三度烧伤;冲击波超压在80m范围外会使玻璃破碎,但无人员伤亡;抛射碎片在334 m的范围内都可能对人体造成伤害.由此,可以得出火球热辐射是事故中最主要危害的结论.     

通过外墙窗口喷出火焰问题的研究

用传热学,流体力学等的有关知识,从理论上分析了通过外墙窗口喷出火焰的有关问题,并对这些问题进行了实验研究。结果表明：喷了火焰具有较强的传热的能力,它可能成为建筑火灾由低层向高层蔓延的重要原因。     

Nuclear power development and radiationsafety control in China

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电磁辐射污染与防护

介绍了电磁辐射的来源、污染种类、控制标准、对环境和健康的影响等方面的有关知识,阐述了有关的防护知识及防治措施,以图增强人们的电磁辐射知识和自我保护意识,消除不必要的恐慌。     

作物对增强UV-B辐射的响应及调控对策

就增强UV-B辐射对作物生长、生物量、产量、品质等方面的影响,对作物响应的种内、种间差异及相应的调控措施进行了论述。     

微波消解法测定工业水中的总铁含量

提出用微波消解、菲咯嗪－醋酸钠～醋酸为显色体系、以自制的铁含量测定仪测定工业水中的总铁含量，此方法省时，测定条件重复性好，测定值与电炉消解法一致。     

列车表面涂层光老化试验加速因子建模研究

目的建立客观、定量的列车表面防护涂层实验室模拟紫外辐射当量对自然太阳紫外辐射的加速因子计算模型。方法以兰新高铁为例,设计一种建模方案,主要步骤包括选取建模列车站点、确定站点气象地理区划、计算站点环境变量影响距离、建立站点太阳辐射环境谱,分别建立二级气象地理区划、一级气象地理区划和全线太阳辐射环境谱,最后,建立加速因子模型。结果基于NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy(SSE)地面太阳辐射数据,结合实验室条件,计算了兰新高铁表面防护涂层紫外光老化试验的加速因子,约为9.5。结论上述实验室光老化试验加速因子建模思路,解决了列车这种跨越大范围区域的装备光老化试验加速因子的计算问题,简单实用,可推广至飞机、轮船、汽车等相似装备表面涂层以及金属等其他材料的紫外光暴露试验评价。