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971.
972.
Andreas Katsambas Costas A. Varotsos Georgia Veziryianni Christina Antoniou 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(2):69-73
Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite
Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band
and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently
developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the
total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece
(37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and
0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively. 相似文献
973.
Little EE Calfee RD Fabacher DL Carey C Blazer VS Middleton EM 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(3):167-172
Background Exposure to harmful levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), a component of solar radiation, has been suggested as a potential
cause of amphibian declines.
Methods We measured solar radiation (UVB, ultraviolet-A, and visible) wavebands in breeding ponds of Bufo boreas (boreal toad, a montane species that has undergone severe population declines) and Bufo woodhousii (Woodhouse’s toad, a plains toad that has not experienced declines) and examined tolerances of these species to simulated
solar UVB exposures in the laboratory.
Results We found larvae of both species to be tolerant of simulated solar UVB in excess of solar UVB levels observed in their breeding
ponds. B. boreas tadpoles were more tolerant of simulated solar UVB exposure than B. woodhousii tadpoles, possibly because of greater amounts of photoprotective melanin in B. boreas skin.
Conclusions UVB levels observed in B. boreas habitats do not currently appear to constitute a threat to the survival of these animals; however, long-term (>1 month) exposure
to UVB levels comparable to levels associated with the water interface appears to reduce survival in B. woodhousii tadpoles. Therefore, future increases in surface and water column UVB radiation in bufonid habitats might pose significant
survival risks to B. boreas or B. woodhousii populations. 相似文献
974.
975.
家用电器工频电磁辐射水平分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对电磁波的产生机理以及对人体的危害进行了分析阐述,对人们日常生活中的家用电器电磁辐射水平进行了调查测量,分析了不同家用电器的电磁辐射水平,并有针对性提出了一些科学有效的防护措施。 相似文献
976.
滨医附院ECT室周围的电离辐射污染监测与调查分析表明:现役ECT工作场所γ空气吸收剂量率基本处于天然放射性本底水平,ECT室的辐射防护设施设计是合理的,具有重要的现实意义,该辐射防护设施具有推广价值. 相似文献
977.
Lauren E. Hay George H. Leavesley Martyn P. Clark Steve L. Markstrom Roland J. Viger Makiko Umemoto 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(4):877-890
ABSTRACT: The ability to apply a hydrologic model to large numbers of basins for forecasting purposes requires a quick and effective calibration strategy. This paper presents a step wise, multiple objective, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration. This procedure includes the sequential calibration of a model's simulation of solar radiation (SR), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water balance, and daily runoff. The procedure uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search algorithm to calibrate the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System in the Yampa River basin of Colorado. This process assures that intermediate states of the model (SR and PET on a monthly mean basis), as well as the water balance and components of the daily hydrograph are simulated consistently with measured values. 相似文献
978.
979.
Summary Since IARC classified ELF magnetic field as Possibly Carcinogenic to Human the fear from 50/60 Hz magnetic field exposure
had been increased to the state of public “panic”. Subsequently, environment quality preservation organizations increased
their pressure on their government to adopt the “precautionary principle” and to reduce the allowable ELF Magnetic Field exposure
to much lower values than are recommended by ICNIRP-1998. As an example the present Environmental Ministry in Israel recommendation
is to lower the ELF Field exposure to 10 mG averaged over 24 h.
As a result of this stringent exposure guideline imposed by the government, electrical engineers who are involved in the deployment
and installation of large and medium electrical utilities, such as overhead power lines, transformers, UPS systems, electrical
public transportation, switching stations, etc., are much more aware to the need to employ special measures and methods for
reducing the magnetic fields that might be emitted from such utilities.
There are few computer codes that are capable of analyzing with great accuracy magnetic and electric fields surrounding single
phase and three phase electrical utilities in a 3-D system. The best presentations of the analysis results are by equi-value
contours depicting electric and magnetic fields. This graphical presentation is a powerful design tool that enables better
deployment and installation design aided to reduce the magnetic field emissions from high-power electrical utilities.
This paper describes the various types of graphical presentations available for ELF field contours, the dependent and independent
variants and parameters, magnetic field animation for optimization of power line installation and routing, and finally an
example that demonstrates the usefulness of the graphical presentation tools. 相似文献
980.
N. M. Salem 《The Environmentalist》2005,25(2-4):241-246
Summary The thermal effect due to electromagnetic absorption by human tissues is investigated at different frequencies ranging from
101–1016 Hz. Special emphasis is being considered in the microwave band used in wireless communications of the mobile industry. The
present work examines basically the thermal effect that arises as the duration of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation
and its dosage is increased. Using a computer simulation, a semi-classical model is adopted, were the photon-phonon interaction
is mediated by a homogenous sample of identical elements, which are naturally in harmonic modes of vibration. The phonon lifetime
is also included in this work. These thermal effects decrease with frequency in conformity with experimental results. This
model is then extrapolated to the individual cells of a human tissue and the possible rise in temperature is estimated. 相似文献