Industrial accidents in spray dryer plants for dairy products in Europe

Despite the fact that the information about past accidents is an integral part of accident prevention, the information about industrial accidents is not commonly available in food and agricultural sectors. Spray dryer plants for dairy products are not an exception. The aim of this paper is the creation of the representative database for industrial spray drying accidents in order to identify their major causes. The paper is divided into 8 chapters. The first two chapters deal with the general information about technology of spray drying of dairy products. The third chapter provides the outputs from the authors' database containing records of 25 accidents in milk drying facilities in Europe. These accidents took place between 1999 and 2019 in six European countries. Based on the accident database, the most common causes of accidents were identified. Processes that can cause a fire, an explosion, or damage to environment are described in the fourth, fifth and sixth chapter. The seventh chapter deals with process, technical and organizational measures; these were discussed using literature research and the results of the accident database. The eighth chapter is the conclusion with a focus on further improvement of process safety through newly developed protective tools.     

Life cycle assessment of milk produced in two smallholder dairy systems in the highlands and the coast of Peru

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two smallholder milk production systems in Peru in order to evaluate the environmental burden of milk produced in each. An Andean highland milk production system where livestock feeding is restricted to permanent pastures supplemented with on farm grown ryegrass-clover was opposed to a coastal system with dairy cows fed a diet consisting of fodder maize and purchased concentrate. Milk production levels (kg/cow day) differed considerably with 2.57 for the highland and 19.54 for the coastal system. A Life Cycle Inventory was calculated for the functional unit of 1 kg energy corrected milk (ECM) and the environmental impacts global warming, acidification and eutrophication were estimated for 1 kg ECM, 1 ha and 1 animal, considering the multi-functionality of the system. The highland system was characterized by a high land use (23.1 m²a/kg ECM vs. 1.71 m²a/kg ECM at the coast). Irrigation water and energy were on the other hand used to a much higher amount at the coast (7291 l/kg ECM and 8791 MJ/kg ECM, respectively) than in the highlands (848 l/kg ECM and 0.20 MJ/kg ECM). Global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication were higher for 1 kg ECM produced in the highlands than at the coast by 10.6 kg CO₂ equivalents, 6.58 g sulfur dioxide equivalents and 10.63 g phosphate equivalents, respectively. Nevertheless, 5220 kg CO₂ equivalents more were emitted per animal at the coast than in the highlands. Also acidification and eutrophication were estimated to be on average 6 and 4 times higher at the coast compared to the highlands when expressed for the functional units of 1 ha and 1 animal.

Results

Whereas livestock is mainly responsible for impacts on the environment in the highlands, at the coast both livestock related emissions and forage cultivation play an important role. Furthermore CO₂ releases from soybean cultivations heavily contribute to total emissions. Sensitivity analysis indicates that for dairy systems relying on crop by-products as feed the choice of the allocation method is a crucial point in a LCA study. Based on the results of this study, strategies in order to reduce the environmental burden of milk production should focus on an increase of production levels and a reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation in the highlands and a modification of the concentrate components replacing soya as the protein source at the coast.     

母乳与牛乳中微量元素的比较

用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法对母乳和牛乳中Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｒ、、Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｂａ和Ｃｕ等１３种元素含量进行了测定。结果发现母乳与牛乳的营养成分差异较大。研究了深入探讨微量元素在人体内重要的生理功能提供了有用的参考数据。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt

Abstract

Food contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents a hazardous public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the virulent and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of STEC isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt. A total of 125 samples (raw market milk, bulk tank milk, Kareish cheese, white soft cheese, and small scale-produced ice cream, 25 each) were collected for determination the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of STEC. Thirty-six STEC isolates were recovered from milk and dairy products. Serological analysis illustrated that three isolates were E. coli O157:H7 and 33 isolates belonged to different serotypes. Molecular examination indicated that all isolates harboured stx1 and/or stx2 genes, 14 isolates expressed eaeA gene and 3 isolates possessed rfbE gene. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates was both phenotypically and genetically examined. Interestingly, 31 out of 36 (86.11%) isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes, namely, bla_CTX-M-15, bla_SHV-12 and bla_CTX-M-14. Moreover, 12 isolates (33.33%) harboured plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant gene, qnrS. The overall conclusion of the current investigation indicated insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking, handling, and processing leading to development of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant STEC.     

乳品生产过程中微生物污染的控制

根据乳粉生产过程中原料乳及加工过程中存在微生物的二次污染,论述了如何控制污染的措施。     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

Verification of radionuclide transfer factors to domestic-animal food products, using indigenous elements and with emphasis on iodine

Recent reviews have established benchmark values for transfer factors that describe radionuclide transfer from plants to animal food product such as milk, eggs and meat. They also illustrate the paucity of data for some elements and some food products. The present study quantified transfer data using indigenous elements measured in dairy, poultry and other livestock farms in Canada. Up to 62 elements are reported, with particular emphasis on iodine (I) because of the need to accurately assess the behaviour of ¹²⁹I from disposal of nuclear fuel waste. There was remarkable agreement with the literature values, and for many elements the present study involved many more observations than were previously available. Perhaps the most important observation was that product/substrate concentration ratios (CR) were quite consistent across species, whereas the traditional fractional transfer factors (TF, units of d kg⁻¹ or d L⁻¹) necessarily vary with body mass (feed intake). This suggests that for long-term assessments, it may be advisable to change the models to use CR rather than TF.     

Lime as the source of PCDD/F contamination in citrus pulp pellets from Brazil and status of the monitoring program

After an exhaustive investigation, in 1997 the source of the milk contamination in Germany was traced to citrus pulp pellets originating from Brazil. It has been shown that lime was the source of the PCDD/F contamination of these products. After this conclusion, a continuous monitoring program has been performed over a two year period and the results are presented in this paper. Standard isotope dilution techniques were used for all samples, which were analyzed by selected ion monitoring high resolution GC–MS.     

乳粉中沙门氏菌检验能力验证结果分析

为验证实验室沙门氏菌检验检测能力,参加乳粉中沙门氏菌检验能力验证.依据食品安全国家标准《食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》(GB 4789.4-2016)进行检验.结果表明,此次能力验证的2个盲样中SLM9-19010未检测出沙门氏菌,SLM9-19016检测出沙门氏菌.进而从样品分离、培养基选择和平板分区划线等方面分析应...     

全氟羟基物质在冠海豹(Hooded seals)体内的母源性传递

在野生动物物种中,乳汁在传递全氟烃基物质(PFASs)于后代中所起的作用,人类还了解甚少。本文以雌性冠海豹及其生产的一对幼崽为研究对象,在哺乳期间,对母体血浆和乳汁中的8种PFASs进行了定量检测,以及对乳汁在PFASs传递过程中所起的作用进行了分析。选择冠海豹是因为它的泌乳周期短(3~ 4 d),在此期间幼崽仅以乳汁为食。胎盘或乳汁传递成为幼崽体内PFASs的唯一来源。通过对8种PFASs的分析(Σ8PFAS),发现7种存在于所有样品中;因此,乳汁是幼崽体内PFASs的来源。在所有样本中,全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物是优势PFAS。Σ8PFAS的平均浓度为母体血浆中6.0 ng/g蛋白(36 ng/g湿重),乳汁中0.77 ng/g蛋白(3.2 ng/g湿重)以及幼崽血浆中12 ng/g蛋白(66 ng g湿重)。血浆中检测到的PFASs浓度在已有报道的其他海豹物种体内检测到的浓度范围之内,低于已知的实验啮齿动物的毒性阈值。PFASs从母体到幼崽的传递效率的个体差异,依赖于PFASs碳键长度、相对传递量最低的为中间能级键的PFASs (C9-C10)。结果显示母体通过乳汁和胎盘传递PFASs,其中胎盘传递是主导途径。
精选自Randi Gr?nnestad, Gro D. Villanger, Anuschka Polder, Kit M. Kovacs, Christian Lydersen, Bj?rn M. Jenssen, Katrine Borg?. Maternal transfer of perfluoroalkyl subastances in hooded seals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 763–770, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3623
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3623/full