Improving the safety of distracted pedestrians with in-ground flashing lights. A railway crossing field study

Introduction: Current signage at intersections is designed for attentive pedestrians who are looking ahead. Such signage may not be sufficient when distracted by smartphones. Illuminated in-ground LED lights at crossings are an innovative solution to alert distracted pedestrians. Method: We conducted a field study at a railway crossing equipped with in-ground lights to assess whether distracted pedestrians (N = 34, Mean age 33.6 ± 8.6 years) could detect these lights and how this impacted on their visual scanning and crossing behaviour. This involved a 2 × 3 repeated measures design exploring the impact of the presence (treatment) or absence (control) of in-ground lights (treatment) at a crossing, and a distractor task presented through a mobile device (none, visual, and audio) on eye movements recorded using an eye tracker, and verbal reporting of when participants detected the lights. Results: Participants engaged in the distraction tasks as evidenced by their accuracy and reaction times in all conditions. With both the audio and visual distraction tasks, participants looked at the in-ground LEDs and detected their activation as accurately as when not distracted (95%). While most participants detected the lights at their activation, visual distraction resulted in 10% of the detections occurring as participants entered the rail corridor, suggesting effectiveness in gaining pedestrians’ attention. Further, participants were significantly less likely to check for trains when visually distracted (70%), a 10% reduction compared to the no or audio distractor conditions (80% and 78% respectively). The introduction of the in-ground lights resulted in appropriate scanning of the rail tracks (77% and 78% for the visual and auditory distractor tasks respectively) similar to that of non-distracted participants for the crossing without lights (80%). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that illuminated in-ground lights could be useful in attracting the attention of distracted pedestrians at railway level crossings, and possibly at other road intersections. Practical Applications: Illuminated in-ground lights can be installed at rail and road intersections with known pedestrian distraction as a countermeasure. Further research is necessary to understand their long-term effects.     

移动通信基站项目EIA公众参与原则与方案设计

结合电磁辐射类项目特点及难点,阐述公众参与的环境知情权、环境参与权和环境司法请求权3原则。围绕原则梳理公众关心的主要问题,制订出信息公示内容及公众参与方案,并对公众参与制度提出合理建议,对开展移动通信基站项目公众参与具有理论指导和现实意义     

电磁辐射环境信访分析与应对措施探讨

以南通市辐射环境信访调处为例,对该市近年来电磁辐射信访投诉量及其变化,投诉对象、方式、诉求等进行分析,并结合调处经验,提出上门实测、合法性核查、组织协调等应对措施,以及完善执行机制,优化评价技术;加强辐射环境监管;保障公众参与权、知情权和监督权;正确引导公众舆论等解决辐射环境信访问题的建议。     

桂林市流动源对大气细颗粒物的贡献研究

在桂林市2013年机动车保有量数据的基础上,参考清华大学开发的中国多尺度大气污染排放清单模型(MEIC)中的排放因子,估算流动源对大气细颗粒物的贡献。结果表明:桂林市区和桂林3大区域的流动源PM_(2.5)排放量分别为71.96和118.87t;按使用的燃料来分,柴油燃料对桂林市区和桂林3大区域PM_(2.5)贡献率较大,分别为94.07%和90.44%;按机动车类型来分,桂林市区和桂林3大区域的流动源PM_(2.5)主要贡献车型均为重型载货车、大型载客车、中型载货车,3大车型PM_(2.5)贡献率之和均超过80%。     

城市移动通信基站电磁辐射环境调查与评价——以连云港为例

对连云港移动通信基站电磁辐射环境进行现状调查与评价,将3个时段内移动基站电磁辐射监测数据进行统计分析和分区评价。结果表明,监测数据均能符合相应的环境标准,县域电磁环境辐射水平整体略低于城市区域,基站周边整体受电磁辐射影响程度随高度上升呈增加趋势,10 m～15 m高度处的综合场强平均峰值最高。     

Comparison of airborne and terrestrial gamma spectrometry measurements - evaluation of three areas in southern Sweden

The Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) has been conducting airborne gamma spectrometry measurements of natural radioactivity in Sweden for more than 40 years. Today, the database covers about 80% of the country’s land surface. This article explores the first step of putting this data into use in radioactive source search at ground level. However, in order to be able to use the airborne background measurements at ground level, SGU data must be validated against terrestrial data. In this work, we compare the SGU data with data measured by a portable backpack system. This is done for three different areas in southern Sweden. The statistical analysis shows that a linear relationship and a positive correlation exist between the air and ground data. However, this linear relationship could be revealed only when the region possessed large enough variations in areal activity. Furthermore, the activity distributions measured show good agreement to those of SGU. We conclude that the SGU database could be used for terrestrial background assessment, given that a linear transfer function is established.     

基于移动终端设备的环境现场监测管理系统设计与应用

研究了基于移动终端设备的环境现场监测业务数据采集与管理,构建了面向现场监测业务需求的数据采集、存储和传输的业务流程管理,以及与实验室信息管理系统数据共享交互集成的现场监测业务管理和质量控制信息系统。以上海市环境监测中心的现场监测管理系统为例,展示了多媒体及GPS信息采集、仪器数据采集、监测结果录入、原始表单填报和监测布点等环境现场监测活动在移动终端设备上数据管理的具体应用实现。     

On-road emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX from four wheeler and emission estimates for Delhi

This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants(CO, CO_2, and NO X) from on-road tailpipe measurement of 14 passenger cars of different types of fuel and vintage. The trolley equipped with stainless steel duct, vane probe velocity meter, flue gas analyzer, Nondispersive infra red(NDIR) CO_2 analyzer, temperature, and relative humidity(RH) sensors was connected to the vehicle using a towing system. Lower CO and higher NO X emissions were observed from new diesel cars(post 2010) compared to old cars(post 2005), which implied that new technological advancement in diesel fueled passenger cars to reduce CO emission is a successful venture,however, the use of turbo charger in diesel cars to achieve high temperature combustion might have resulted in increased NO X emissions. Based on the measured emission factors(g/kg), and fuel consumption(kg), the average and 95% confidence interval(CI) bound estimates of CO, CO_2,and NO X from four wheeler(4W) in Delhi for the year 2012 were 15.7(1.4–37.1), 6234(386–12,252),and 30.4(0.0–103) Gg/year, respectively. The contribution of diesel, gasoline and compressed natural gas(CNG) to total CO, CO_2 and NO X emissions were 7:84:9, 50:48:2 and 58:41:1respectively. The present work indicated that the age and the maintenance of vehicle both are important factors in emission assessment therefore, more systematic repetitive measurements covering wide range of vehicles of different age groups, engine capacity, and maintenance level is needed for refining the emission factors with CI.     

移动通信基站景观影响评价方法与实践

为保护景区景观资源,降低对景观的影响,有必要开展风景区移动通信基站建设项目的景观影响评价。针对其建设特点,梳理了移动通信基站景观影响评价思路,探讨了评价方法。以南京玄武湖公园梁州基站为例,在景观敏感度和景观阚值评价的基础上,对3处基站拟建址的景观影响进行评价,给出评价结论和建议,对开展景观影响定量评价具有很好的参考价值。     

广西典型自然保护区监管天地一体化技术应用探究

基于遥感影像、无人机航摄与移动核查技术,构建了集自然保护区"一张图"、图斑任务管理、移动核查为一体的天地一体化自然保护区人类活动监管系统,并以防城金花茶国家级自然保护区为例,进行试点监测监管研究。结果表明,利用监管系统可提高自然保护区监管时效性,有效解决监管盲区。对防城金花茶国家级自然保护区的人类活动进行监测评价,该保护区有工矿用地、农田、居民点、道路、其他人工设施等5类,以农田、居民点、普通道路为主,人类活动影响一般。