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381.
Thomas Klein Jaakko Kukkonen ?sl?g Dahl Elissavet Bossioli Alexander Baklanov Aasmund Fahre Vik Paul Agnew Kostas D. Karatzas Mikhail Sofiev 《Ambio》2012,41(8):851-864
This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today’s air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers. 相似文献
382.
The need to develop biological effects monitoring to facilitate a reliable assessment of hazardous substances has been emphasized in the Baltic Sea Action Plan of the Helsinki Commission. An integrated chemical–biological approach is vitally important for the understanding and proper assessment of anthropogenic pressures and their effects on the Baltic Sea. Such an approach is also necessary for prudent management aiming at safeguarding the sustainable use of ecosystem goods and Services. The BEAST project (Biological Effects of Anthropogenic Chemical Stress: Tools for the Assessment of Ecosystem Health) set out to address this topic within the BONUS Programme. BEAST generated a large amount of quality-assured data on several biological effects parameters (biomarkers) in various marine species in different sub-regions of the Baltic Sea. New indicators (biological response measurement methods) and management tools (integrated indices) with regard to the integrated monitoring approach were suggested. 相似文献
383.
R.C. Gupta S.K. Dave M.P. Shah S.K. Kashyap 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):405-416
Abstract Monitoring observations made on 60 operators involved in pesticide application work in godowns and warehouses and 60 matched control workers are reported. Occupational exposure history and medical history are noted. Biochemical investigations, plasma and RBC cholinesterase estimations are included along with medical examination of the workers. Workers were found to be mostly exposed to Celphos, DDVP, Malathion, Pyrethrum, etc, and the use of protective devices were very limited. Cases of significant reduction in plasma and RBC cholinesterase activity were found. Frequency of symptoms like dizziness, headache, lachrymation, burning sensation in eyes, nausea and anorexia, etc, were much more in the exposed workers. No cases of clinical poisoning attributable to occupational exposure to pesticides were reported by the workers. 相似文献
384.
Yue Rong 《Environmental Forensics》2013,14(4):213-220
This paper reviews four commonly used statistical methods for environmental data analysis and discusses potential pitfalls associated with application of these methods through real case study data. The four statistical methods are percentile and confidence interval, correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The potential pitfall for estimation of percentile and confidence interval includes the automatic assumption of a normal distribution to environmental data, which so often show a log-normal distribution. The potential pitfall for correlation coefficient includes the use of a wide range of data points in which the maximum in value may trivialize other smaller data points and consequently skew the correlation coefficient. The potential pitfall for regression analysis includes the propagation of uncertainties of input variables to the regression model prediction, which may be even more uncertain. The potential pitfall for ANOVA includes the acceptance of a hypothesis as a weak argument to imply a strong conclusion. As demonstrated in this paper, we may draw very different conclusions based on statistical analysis if the pitfalls are not identified. Reminder and enlightenment obtained from the pitfalls are given at the end of this article. 相似文献
385.
The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly
reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by
Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17
August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation
and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing
impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury
or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially
capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding
areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers.
Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August
to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19%
to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The
number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in3 to 1,640 in3) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented.
Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial
and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance
helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was
positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help
define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers
determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received
sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area.
Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of)
the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion
of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period.
Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale
feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore
area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred
near the Piltun feeding area.
Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with
no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters
were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and
any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of
11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral
parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated
with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects.
Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns
and 1,640 in3, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure
that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold.
This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable
new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in
planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray
whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey.
M. W. Newcomer is deceased. 相似文献
386.
387.
Smith LM Harvey JE Harwell LC Summers JK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):189-207
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Ecology Division initiated a pilot study to assess the condition
of nearshore coastal resources. Near-shelf areas associated with coastal beaches are susceptible to land based activities,
but are not consistently monitored. Additionally, few or no marine water quality criteria exist for evaluating these waters.
The goal of this pilot study was to assess the ecological condition of Gulf of Mexico near-shelf resources using a probability-based
survey design. Data are used to generate a baseline assessment of condition in coastal nearshore areas and provide a comparative
tool for evaluating future trends in condition. Water quality, sediment quality and benthic diversity data can provide a baseline
assessment for managers to evaluate the potential for future problems such as nutrient over-enrichment, sediment contamination
and degraded biological condition. We present results from a probability-based survey demonstration assessing near-shelf resources
along the Florida panhandle. 相似文献
388.
Leif Kullman 《Ambio》2010,39(2):159-169
Alpine plant life is proliferating, biodiversity is on the rise and the mountain world appears more productive and inviting
than ever. Upper range margin rise of trees and low-altitude (boreal) plant species, expansion of alpine grasslands and dwarf-shrub
heaths are the modal biotic adjustments during the past few decades, after a century of substantial climate warming in the
Swedish Scandes. This course of biotic landscape evolution has reached historical dimensions and broken a multi-millennial
trend of plant cover retrogression, alpine tundra expansion, floristic and faunal impoverishment, all imposed by progressive
and deterministic neoglacial climate cooling. Continued modest warming over the present century will likely be beneficial
to alpine biodiversity, geoecological stability, resilience, sustainable reindeer husbandry and aesthetic landscape qualities.
These aspects are highlighted by an integrative review of results from long-term monitoring of subalpine/alpine vegetation
in the Swedish Scandes. This forms the basis for some tentative projections of landscape transformations in a potentially
warmer future. Notably, these results and projections are not necessarily valid in other regions and differ in some respects
from model predictions. Continued monitoring is mandatory as a basis for generation of more realistic vegetation and ecosystem
models. 相似文献
389.
Robert M. Hughes Alan T. Herlihy Philip R. Kaufmann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(4):792-806
Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes. 相似文献
390.
J.C. Rozemeijer Y. van der Velde F.C. van Geer M.F.P. Bierkens H.P. Broers 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(12):3571-3579
Enhanced knowledge of water and solute pathways in catchments would improve the understanding of dynamics in water quality and would support the selection of appropriate water pollution mitigation options. For this study, we physically separated tile drain effluent and groundwater discharge from an agricultural field before it entered a 43.5-m ditch transect. Through continuous discharge measurements and weekly water quality sampling, we directly quantified the flow route contributions to surface water discharge and solute loading. Our multi-scale experimental approach allowed us to relate these measurements to field-scale NO3 concentration patterns in shallow groundwater and to continuous NO3 records at the catchment outlet. Our results show that the tile drains contributed 90-92% of the annual NO3 and heavy metal loads. Considering their crucial role in water and solute transport, enhanced monitoring and modeling of tile drainage are important for adequate water quality management. 相似文献