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471.
Multicriteria Relocation Analysis of an Off-site Radioactive Monitoring Network for a Nuclear Power Plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Due to increasing environmental consciousness in most countries, every utility that owns a commercial nuclear power plant
has been required to have both an on-site and off-site emergency response plan since the 1980s. A radiation monitoring network,
viewed as part of the emergency response plan, can provide information regarding the radiation dosage emitted from a nuclear
power plant in a regular operational period and/or abnormal measurements in an emergency event. Such monitoring information
might help field operators and decision-makers to provide accurate responses or make decisions to protect the public health
and safety. This study aims to conduct an integrated simulation and optimization analysis looking for the relocation strategy
of a long-term regular off-site monitoring network at a nuclear power plant. The planning goal is to downsize the current
monitoring network but maintain its monitoring capacity as much as possible. The monitoring sensors considered in this study
include the thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) and air sampling system (AP) simultaneously. It is designed for detecting the
radionuclide accumulative concentration, the frequency of violation, and the possible population affected by a long-term impact
in the surrounding area regularly while it can also be used in an accidental release event. With the aid of the calibrated
Industrial Source Complex–Plume Rise Model Enhancements (ISC-PRIME) simulation model to track down the possible radionuclide
diffusion, dispersion, transport, and transformation process in the atmospheric environment, a multiobjective evaluation process
can be applied to achieve the screening of monitoring stations for the nuclear power plant located at Hengchun Peninsula,
South Taiwan. To account for multiple objectives, this study calculated preference weights to linearly combine objective functions
leading to decision-making with exposure assessment in an optimization context. Final suggestions should be useful for narrowing
the set of scenarios that decision-makers need to consider in this relocation process. 相似文献
472.
473.
应急监测在处置突发性环境污染事故中的思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对环境监测部门在处置突发性环境污染事故中承担的任务,提出了应急监测软件支持系统建设内容、目前应着力解决的问题及能力建设的思路与对策。目的是使监测部门从基础信息、技术装备、能力培养和资金渠道等方面全面满足环境应急监测的需要。为有关部门采取控制污染措施、减轻污染危害赢得宝贵时间,最大限度地减少污染造成的损失和危害。 相似文献
474.
将Visual basic.net 2003作为前台界面开发,Access2000作为后台数据库的监测数据管理系统用于环境监测报告和报表的编制时,既提高了报告的编制速度和质量,又提高了监测数据的安全性和监测数据应用查询效率. 相似文献
475.
K. Treier K. Pajuste J. Frey 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):7009-7019
Monthly and annual means of main anions (SO42−, NO3−, Cl−) and summed base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) in bulk precipitation were studied at 10 stations during an 8-year monitoring period. The data showed statistically significant decreasing trends in most cases. Average declines of mean annual volume-weighted concentrations for both anions and cations were about two-fold. Despite the decrease, the loads of S and cations are still relatively high in Estonia (about 4–14 kg S ha−1 and 0.6–1.2 keq ha−1, respectively) compared with the loads in Finland and Sweden. Estimated linear decline trends followed the same pattern as annually combusted oil shale from Estonian power plants and emissions of SO2 and fly ash. Recent trends in chemical composition of bulk precipitation at the monitoring stations reflected economic changes in Estonia as well as transboundary fluxes from neighbouring countries. 相似文献
476.
智能交通安全系统的研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
随着智能交通系统概念的提出 ,在交通领域中 ,该系统已得到了极大的发展和应用 ,同时对世界各国城市交通的发展起了极大的推动作用。而在交通的发展过程中 ,交通安全始终是第一重要的 ,智能交通安全系统是智能交通系统的重要组成部分。笔者研究和探讨了智能交通安全系统的概念、组成及自动事件管理系统、可变信息标志系统、自动化的商业车辆系统、在智能交通中所起的重要作用 ,并介绍了美国的一些经验 相似文献
477.
The geysers panic grass [Dichanthelium lanuginosum Spellenberg var. thermale (Bol.) Spellenberg or DILA] is exclusively associated with surface geothermal manifestations in Sonoma County, California,
USA (38°46′N, 122°38′W). Steam extraction by power plants could alter the subsurface distribution of heat and water to the
site, potentially impacting subpopulations of this rare plant. The purpose of this study was to use demographic monitoring
to determine: (1) temporal and spatial patterns of soil temperature in relation to the distribution of established DILA individuals
at Little Geysers, (2) in situ response of experimental populations of DILA to spatial variations in soil temperature, and
(3) habitat requirements of DILA as an indicator of its tolerance to variations in surficial geothermal features. Thermocouple
transects and a datalogger provided data for characterizing the spatial and temporal patterns of soil temperature in four
microhabitats (fumarole, DILA stand, Andropogon stand, and cleared). Experimental populations were established by precisely sowing and monitoring DILA seeds in these microhabitats.
The results indicated that spatial and temporal variations in soil temperature had significant effects on the processes of
germination, growth, survivorship, and reproduction, thus producing a readily observed metapopulation patch dynamic in relation
to geothermal activity. Seasonal depressions of soil temperature near the fumaroles by cold air and prolonged rainfall events
also promoted the emergence and survival of DILA seedlings in a microhabitat that was previously too hot to occupy. Over longer
periods of time, DILA metapopulation dynamism reflected climatic and geothermal variation. Drought years inhibited germination
for lack of water, but more importantly for the lack of requisite soil temperature depressions in the fumarole microhabitat.
Wet years promoted subpopulation expansion into transition areas that were once too hot and dry. There have also been shifts
in the underground distribution of steam into areas distant from known geothermal features. The demographic responses of DILA
to spatial and temporal variations in soil temperature indicate that heat is an absolutely essential component of the steam
resource. In its absence, germination, seeding survivorship, growth, and maturation are significantly inhibited even if soil
conditions are favorable and potential competitors are controlled. Ultimately, persistence of the species depends on maintaining
the ecosystem dynamic of colonization and extirpation in response to variations in surficial geothermal features over long
spatial and temporal scales. This should shift management perspective from its narrow focus on individual plants to a wider
focus on monitoring the essential habitat component of steam. 相似文献
478.
Knowledge of the forces driving and modifying ecosystems can be employed in concert with signal analysis to target the data
most likely to yield sensitivity and resilience information. One can optimize return of information per investment of resources
by targeting segments of signals that are dominated by the force of interest, coupled with scientific understanding of the
system of interest. This force analysis approach is an effective means both to design efficient new monitoring programs and
to target relevant information in large data files. We present five example applications of force analysis. Three examples
illustrate this approach for an evaluation of whether Canadian rivers might be sensitive to changes in climate. It was concluded
that Canadian rivers appear to be sensitive to changing climate. A fourth example illustrates how automated snow pillow data
may be evaluated to ascertain the sensitivity of snow accumulation to change in climate. It was concluded that snow accumulation
at the site evaluated did appear to be sensitive to changing climate. The fifth example illustrates the assessment of whether
a river recovers with the elimination of inputs of iron from an abandoned mine. It was concluded that resilience remained
unproven since the river had not as yet restabilized. The force analysis approach focuses data collection or data evaluation
on those data required to answer specific resource management questions, greatly reducing collection or consideration of data
that are not relevant to that question. This approach is potentially very cost-efficient and therefore is likely to be of
interest to hydrologists, climatologists, and environmental data managers. 相似文献
479.
环境监测中常用的质控方法及其应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文对环境监测实验室目前常用的质控方法进行了论述和比较,并根据实验室的工作经验,总结了常用的水和废水分析项目可能采用的质控方法。 相似文献
480.