Implementing landscape fragmentation as an indicator in the Swiss Monitoring System Of Sustainable Development (Monet)

There is an increasing need and interest in including indicators of landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems of sustainable landscape management. Landscape fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure and urban development threatens human and environmental well-being by noise and pollution from traffic, reducing the size and viability of wildlife populations, facilitating the spread of invasive species, and impairing the scenic and recreational qualities of the landscape. This paper provides the rationale, method, and data for including landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems, using as an example the Swiss Monitoring System of Sustainable Development (Monet). We defined and compared four levels of fragmentation analysis, or fragmentation geometries (FGs), each based on different fragmenting elements, e.g., only anthropogenic, or combinations of anthropogenic and natural elements. As each FG has specific strengths and weaknesses, the most appropriate choice of FG depends on the context and objectives of a study. We present data on the current degree of landscape fragmentation for the five ecoregions and 26 cantons in Switzerland for all four FGs. Our results show that the degree of landscape fragmentation as quantified by the effective mesh size method is strongly supported by the postulates and indicator selection criteria of Monet, and we identify the most suitable FG focusing on the land area below 2100 m (e.g., excluding lakes) and allowing for an equitable comparison of fragmentation degrees among regions that differ in area covered by lakes and high mountains. For a more detailed analysis of landscape fragmentation in the context of environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments, a combination of all four FGs may provide a more informative tool than any single FG.     

关于省级生态环境监测机构发展规划的思考

在剖析新形势下生态环境监测发展形势需求的基础上,分析了生态环境监测机构发展在精准支撑环境管理、提升监测科研创新驱动力和建设高水平人才队伍等方面存在的问题。提出了以支撑、服务、引领生态环境决策管理为导向,深化制度建设、强化人才队伍、加强科研创新、夯实基础能力、打造特色亮点,全面提升核心竞争力的省级生态环境监测机构发展规划思路,以及环境监测预警能力建设、科研创新发展、人才队伍建设、体制机制建设等方面建设任务。为实现生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化,全面改善生态环境质量提供有力支撑。     

化工园区环境风险源监控平台设计研究

采用NET框架,以ArcGIS为平台核心,应用数据库SQL Server对化工园区环境风险源进行监控系统设计,并针对化工园区进行功能和数据库设计,构建了化工园区环境风险源监控平台,为化工园区环境风险源提出了有效的管理方法。     

浅谈我国水生生物监测技术规范的修订

根据全国实现生物监测基本任务以及有效服务于环境管理的需要,剖析了我国水生生物监测技术规范的局限性,提出调整和完善监测项目及指标,调整监测频率,改进监测方法等若干修订意见建议对一份样品或一个试验,同时测定包括分子、细胞、器官、个体、种群乃至生态系统水平的多项指标,特别应注意增加分子生态毒理学方面指标,以突出生物监测的早期预报作用。     

Status of insecticide contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India

Twelve samples each of soil and ground water were collected from paddy-wheat, paddy-cotton, sugarcane fields and tube wells from same or near by fields around Hisar, Haryana, India during 2002–2003 to monitor pesticide residues. Residues were estimated by GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems equipped with capillary columns for organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. In soil, HCH (0.002–0.051 μg g⁻¹), DDT (0.001–0.066 μg g⁻¹), endosulfan (0.002–0.039 μg g⁻¹) and chlordane (0.0002–0.019 μg g⁻¹) among organochlorines, cypermethrin (0.001–0.035 μg g⁻¹) and fenvalerate (0.001–0.022 μg g⁻¹) among synthetic pyrethroids and chlorpyriphos (0.002–0.172 μg g⁻¹), malathion (0.002–0.008 μg g⁻¹), quinalphos (0.001–0.010 μg g⁻¹) among organophosphates were detected. Dominant contaminants were DDT, cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos from the respective groups. In water samples, HCH, DDT, endosulfan and cypermethrin residues were observed frequently. Only chlorpyriphos among organophosphates was detected in 10 samples. On consideration of tube well water for drinking purpose, about 80% samples were found to contain residues above the regulatory limits.     

畜禽养殖场污染状况监测与评价

对河南省三个有代表性的规模化养殖场污染物排放及其对周围环境的影响进行了调查、监测及评价,结果表明,畜禽养殖污染已成为农业面源污染的重要来源,对其周围地表水和地下水产生较大影响。     

“3S”技术的城市环境监测与管理系统研究

基于遥感（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）（简称“３Ｓ”技术）,辅以常规环境监测与分析手段建立的城市环境监测缠环境保护与区域可持续发展强有力的技术支持,对以“３Ｓ”技术建立的城市环境监测与管理系统的构成及其应用进行了探讨。     

基层监测站废气应急监测应注意的问题

县（市）级环境监测站开展废气应急监测工作,首先要建立本辖区内完整、详细的废气污染源及潜在风险源的台帐,同时要建立有针对性和操作性的应急监测预案。在应急监测装备的配备上要结合本辖区内的污染情况和自身财力状况均衡考量。在废气应急监测中还要弄清应急监测的目的,注意监测人员的自身防护,不能忽视跟踪监测和应急现场监测后的总结提高等工作。     

运营量增加和交通声环境质量的改变应列为环境影响评价的要素

公路交通噪声的产生与变化同公路周围建设项目或是在原有公路上增加运营量有关,因此提出了应将建设项目因增加的运营量所引起的交通噪声的变化,作为环境影响评价的要素之一。通过对美国联邦公路管理局（FHWA）模式进行简化,获得用车流量表示的公路交通噪声增量的计算公式,通过现状监测值与投产后因运营量的增加而引起的噪声增量直接相加,可预测交通噪声的改变值。由此可预测和评价建设项目投产后,因运营量的增加而引起的交通声环境质量的变化情况。     

地球物理方法在地下水有机污染DNAPLs的调查与监测中的应用

地下水有机污染特别是重非水相液体(densenon-aqueousphaseliquids,缩写为DNAPLs)污染是当前国际上地下水污染控制的热点问题,而对DNAPLs的调查与监测也一直是近年来环境地球物理研究的热点。文章简述了DNAPLs的运移、分布规律和DNAPLs与周围土壤及岩石存在的物理性质差异,综述了地球物理方法在DNAPLs的调查与监测应用中的有效性,探讨了地球物理方法直接探测DNAPLs的可行性,并提出了展望。