Evidence-Based Knowledge Versus Negotiated Indicators for Assessment of Ecological Sustainability: The Swedish Forest Stewardship Council Standard as a Case Study

Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process.     

河流物理生境遥感监测研究与应用分析

简述了国内外河流物理生境监测研究进展和应用。从水生态监测体系完整性和物理生境监测手段的优缺点等方面,研究了河流物理生境遥感监测的必要性;结合我国水生态环境管理形势,介绍了河流物理生境遥感监测的应用领域;以辽河干流盘锦段为例,进行了物理生境遥感监测评估的实例分析。     

New tabletop SEM-EDS-based approach for cost-efficient monitoring of airborne particulate matter

Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have produced tabletop instruments capable of reasonable imaging resolution at less cost compared to conventional equipment. Combining the SEM with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) allows the possibility of elemental analysis through detection of X-rays emitted from interaction between individual particles and the SEM electron beam, revealing their atomic composition. It’s well known that exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM) poses health risks and routine monitoring of the chemical content of these has been realized. Exposure information is of a general character but by combining the chemical build-up of monitored particles and knowledge of their inherent health effects will allow better risk assessment. An analysis technique using a tabletop SEM with EDS is demonstrated on particles collected onto nucleopore filters from urban, industrial and rural areas. Detailed characterization of the instruments analysis capabilities as applied to PM are described.     

重庆市生态环境智慧监测管理体系研究

以重庆市为例,从生态环境监测管理需求出发,分析了智慧监测的现状与存在的问题,提出了构建生态环境智慧监测管理体系的技术路线。以监测业务为核心,涵盖水、气、声、态、土等多种要素,构建了要素齐全、上下统筹、自动预警、服务应用的生态环境监测网络,实现了环境质量、污染源和生态状况监测全覆盖,预期取得规范监测业务流程、促进监测业务协同、加快产学研用结合等成效。     

汾河太原段有机污染物检测及评价

采用GC和GC/MS检测手段,定量出汾河太原段有机污染物46种,其浓度在ppb~ppm范围。采用多污染物评价方法,就有机物对健康和生态的潜在危害进行定量评价,结果表明,6个采样点的健康总环境影响度TAS和4个采样点的生态总环境影响度TAS分别大于1,对人体健康和生态有潜在危害。酚类是主要的危害健康污染物。1,4-二氯苯,1,3-二氯苯,萘是主要的危害生态污染物。      

太湖悬浮物分布的现场监测研究

于2005年8月25日至8月28日对太湖进行现场监测,得到了太湖梅梁湾到大太湖的悬浮物、浊度数据,分析得出:(1)光照强度较高时,对应于微囊藻峰值的出现,浊度在水深0.5m处出现最高值,光照强度较弱时,浊度的分布在垂直方向上趋于均匀;(2)悬浮物浓度与浊度具有较高的相关性,悬浮物浓度值可以用浊度的测定值换算得到;(3)河流流入、风浪条件和湖内藻类繁殖等影响着太湖悬浮物的垂直和纵向空间分布,出现梅梁湾到大太湖不同的悬浮物垂直和纵向分布。     

我国环境监测技术存在的问题及对策

从监测结果的科学性、监测方法的系统性及应急技术的实用性角度,提出了目前我国环境监测技术存在的问题,指出应通过科学监测,反映真实的环境质量,研究有毒有害污染物的监测方法并使其标准化,加强突发污染事故的快速监测技术研究.     

环境空气监测点位的管理办法

阐述了加强环境空气监测点位管理的重要性，指出了目前环境空气监测点位管理中存在的问题，提出设置监测点位时，既要考虑监测点的位置和数量，又要考虑监测点周围的人为活动、流动污染源、固定污染源和面源的影响。     

锅炉烟尘监测过程质量控制及现场采样应注意的问题

以生态文明全面取代工业文明,是实现人类生存进步及经济可持续发展的唯一途径。以我国为例,在经历40年社会改革开放、经济高速增长之后,工业化、城市化、现代化所取得巨大成就的背后,是生态环境的严重破坏,尤其近年来"雾霾"成为生态环境治理中最为顽固的诟病。锅炉烟尘是造成雾霾现象的"主要元凶",从环境监测角度出发,加强锅炉烟尘监测过程及现场采样质量控制,精准地获取相关数据,能够为环境治理方案提供科学依据。但同时,锅炉烟尘监测及采样是十分复杂且具有系统性的工作,在整个过程中需要加强质量控制。本文列举相关注意问题,以供技术人员在操作中参考借鉴。     

论如何提高水污染监测质量

环境监测技术是通过分析环境中各种相关因素的变化情况来确定环境污染的源头,目前,随着我国工业化的发展,水体污染成了环境治理的头等难题,我们要加强对水污染的环境监测,改善水体质量,为人类提供优质的水资源。