Impact of medical fitness to drive policies in preventing property damage,injury, and death from motor vehicle collisions in Ontario,Canada

Introduction: Drivers with medical conditions and functional impairments are at increased collision risk. A challenge lies in identifying the point at which such risk becomes unacceptable to society and requires mitigating measures. This study models the road safety impact of medical fitness-to-drive policy in Ontario. Method: Using data from 2005 to 2014, we estimated the losses to road safety incurred during the time medically-at-risk drivers were under review, as well as the savings to road safety accrued as a result of licensing decisions made after the review process. Results: While under review, drivers with medical conditions had an age- and sex-standardized collision rate no different from the general driver population, suggesting no road safety losses occurred (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.93–1.12). Licensing decisions were estimated to have subsequently prevented 1,211 (95% CI: 780–1,730) collisions, indicating net road safety savings resulting from medical fitness to drive policies. However, more collisions occurred than were prevented for drivers with musculoskeletal disorders, sleep apnea, and diabetes. We theorize on these findings and discuss its multiple implications. Conclusions: Minimizing the impact of medical conditions on collision occurrence requires robust policies that balance fairness and safety. It is dependent on efforts by academic researchers (who study fitness to drive); policymakers (who set driver medical standards); licensing authorities (who make licensing decisions under such standards); and clinicians (who counsel patients on their driving risk and liaise with licensing authorities). Practical Applications: Further efforts are needed to improve understanding of the effects of medical conditions on collision risk, especially for the identified conditions and combinations of conditions. Results reinforce the value of optimizing the processes by which information is solicited from physicians in order to better assess the functional impact of drivers’ medical conditions on driving and to take suitable licensing action.     

江苏省机动车“天地车人”一体化监控系统建设研究

构建江苏省“天地车人”一体化监控系统,利用道路遥感监测、定期排放检验、路检路查和停放地监督抽测、重型柴油车远程排放监控等手段发现高排放车辆,通过系统检测与维护(I/M)制度,对机动车进行全天候、全方位实时监控及闭环管理,同时开展非道路移动机械的登记和管理,并对5000 t以上的加油站进行油气回收在线监控。通过大数据分析开展机动车排放数据的深入挖掘,以期为重污染天气的应急管理及政府决策提供有效技术支撑。     

Is there a link between motor vehicle collisions and being a cigarette smoker in Canada? Analysis of survey data from Ontario from 2002 to 2014

Objective: Although most research on drugs and driving has focused on the use of alcohol and cannabis, research that has been conducted on cigarette smoking and collisions has found that smokers have an increased collision involvement. Studies dating from 1967 through 2013 have shown a crude relative risk of about 1.5 among smokers compared to nonsmokers. In Canada, the association between smoking and collisions has not been recently investigated. Studies that have examined the association between smoking and collisions often did not control for all confounding factors, such as alcohol use and driving exposure, which have been associated with increased collision rates. Additionally, a number of these studies were examined in countries and at times when prevalence of smoking was much higher than is currently the case in Canada. The purpose of this research is to examine the association between self-reported current smoking and past-year collision involvement, controlling for confounding factors, in a large representative sample of adult drivers in Ontario, Canada, from 2002 and 2014.

Method: Data are based on the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Monitor, an ongoing, rolling telephone survey of Ontario adults that provides epidemiological surveillance of indicators related to alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use, as well as physical and mental health. The survey uses random-digit-dialing methods via Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview, with response rates over 50%.

Results: Prevalence of self-reported collision involvement within the past year for 2002–2014 was 8.6% among those who currently smoke compared to 6.5% of nonsmokers. Logistic regression analysis, controlling for the potential confounding effects of sociodemographics, driving exposure measures, drinking frequency, and hazardous alcohol use, found that the overall odds for collision involvement in the preceding year among current smokers for 2002–2014 was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.53) times that of nonsmokers.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that despite a substantial reduction in overall prevalence of smoking in Canada, smokers still have a significantly increased odds of collision involvement, even when controlling for alcohol and exposure. Additionally, the results are consistent with the increased odds/risks of motor vehicle collisions found in other countries.     

机动车尾气对南京市道路环境空气质量的影响

调查 了南京市机动车尾气对道路环境污染的状况,分析了城市道路建设对空气质量的影响。指出,从1991年以来,南京市机动车总量和道路车流量持续快速增长,但由于城市道路条件的改善,道路通行能力有了较大的提高,道路两侧污染物NOx,CO浓度均有所下降,但仍分别高于对照点2.2倍、3.2倍,道路汽车排气对城市环境空气质量的影响不容忽视。提出,随着道路车流量的不断增加,要改善城市环境空气质量,必须推广清洁燃料以及低污染车和零污染车,同时进一步加强道路建设,提高车辆通行能力,增加植树绿化。     

南京市机动车污染物减排因素分析

以南京市机动车排污监控系统的实时检测数据为基础,简述了南京市机动车减排效果,在“十二五”期间南京市机动车保有量增长71.8%的背景下,实现了污染物排放量削减18.8%,单车平均排放CO、HC、NOx较3年前分别下降了33%,31%和36%;排放标准和使用年限二因素方差分析表明,其对NOx、CO和HC排放值的影响由大到小排序均为：油品质量〉排放标准〉使用年限。提出,进一步提升油品质量至关重要。     

简易瞬态工况法排气检测防舞弊措施探讨

介绍了简易瞬态工况法相对于双怠速法的技术优势,分析了该方法排气检测过程中的常见问题与作弊手段。提出以质量控制为基础,采取检测全过程防舞弊措施;与机动车排放监督管理系统建设相结合,对检测设备软件版本实施统一监控;通过实时数据分析,建立检测工位前端防舞弊控制机制;对检测数据分类统计与分析,促进检测工作公正与规范;借助视频监控手段,实现对检测过程的实时监管;加强日常巡查,促进监管工作体系持续完善等建议。     

基于MOVES的西安市出租车污染物排放分析

利用MOVES模型对2012年西安市出租车油改气后污染物排放因子进行模拟,得出污染物CO、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、HC的排放因子分别为3.488 1 g/km、0.370 0 g/km、0.004 7 g/km、0.005 1 g/km、0.095 2 g/km,计算得到5种污染物的年排放总量分别为4 830.76 t、512.42 t、6.51 t、7.06 t、131.85 t。将得到的数据与2010年相关数据比对,说明出租车油改气后污染物排放量在机动车总排放量中所占比例有所下降。     

全球机动车污染控制

评论了全球机动车生产和污染控制的趋势,介绍了几个地区汽车污染控制的先进经验,并讨论我国汽车污染控制的发展方向。      

齐齐哈尔市机动车氮氧化物减排形势分析

对全市机动车保有量和NOX排放量,从汽车类型和燃料类型两方面进行数据分析,总结出载货汽车和柴油汽车是减排重点。阐述了国际、国内及我市机动车NOX排放量趋势,并提出减排措施。     

玉环县机动车尾气污染影响因素分析与控制对策

随着玉环社会经济快速发展,人民生活水平的提高,机动车拥有量不断增加,机动车尾气污染呈上升趋势,逐渐成为大气污染的重要因素。本文在玉环县机动车保有量现状、发展趋势及交通状况分析的基础上,主要针对机动车尾气污染影响因素分析,同时提出控制机动车保有量、完善道路建设和交通管理、正确使用和保养机动车、推广使用环保型机动车、加强道路交通污染环境监测、强化对机动车的环保管理、大力宣传环保知识等为主要内容的控制对策。