梅梁湖水体浮游植物与环境因子的关系

根据2008年的4月—11月梅梁湖水域应急监测数据,探讨了梅梁湖水体浮游植物与环境因子的关系。相关性分析结果表明,蓝绿藻含量与TP、pH值和DO呈极显著正相关;与TN、SD和EC呈极显著负相关;与NH3-N呈显著负相关。多元逐步回归分析结果表明,梅梁湖浮游植物生长受多个环境因子的共同影响,但主要为TP、TN、水温和风速。     

基于小波分析优化PM 2.5浓度预测模型

采用多元线性回归方法(MLR)和BP神经网络方法(BPNN),按1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h预测时长对贵港市2015—2018年PM_2.5浓度建模并检验对比模型准确率。结果表明,基于MLR与BPNN都能对PM_2.5浓度作预测,预测效果随着预测时长的增加而下降,MLR、BPNN模型预测结果平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为4.01μg/m³~15.48μg/m³、3.89μg/m³~15.63μg/m³。采用小波分析方法对污染物数据优化并再次建模,结果表明,小波-多元线性回归(W-MLR)模型与小波-神经网络(W-BPNN)模型均得到优化,3 h~24 h预测时长优化效果尤为显著,W-MLR、W-BPNN模型预测结果分别使MAE降低1.6%~13.5%、0.8%~9.8%,且后者预测效果优于前者。     

湖库富营养化指标的高频监测方法研究

湖泊和水库中蓝藻水华等富营养化灾害的形成往往只需几天的时间,因此,在富营养化水体的水质管理上需要进行高频的水质指标监测.本研究以新安江水库(千岛湖)为例,基于水质传感器探头现场获取的水质参数,采用多元逐步回归分析方法,获得总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、叶绿素a(Chl)、营养状态指数(TSI)、透明度(SD)等指示湖库富营养化状况的关键水质指标与水体藻蓝素(PC)、浊度(TURB)、有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)等现场水质参数之间的定量关系,以满足高频监测湖泊富营养化关键指标的需要.结果表明,2013年调查期间,新安江水库各湖区水质差异较大,调查的54个点位中,SD介于1.10~8.60 m之间,TN介于0.78~1.68mg·L-1之间,TP介于7.90~71.1μg·L-1之间,具有较为宽泛的代表性.相关分析表明,CDOM与TN、TP、CODMn、Chl、TSI、SD均存在显著的相关关系,可以作为新安江水库水质富营养化状况的一个重要自动监测指标;TURB与TP、Chl、SD、TSI之间也显著相关,PC则与TN、CODMn相关,而探头获得的叶绿素浓度值(Chls)与TN、SD显著负相关.通过与实测值比较表明,统计分析建立的富营养化指标多元回归方程估算值与实测值吻合度较高,能够满足水体管理的需要.本研究为湖泊和水库的富营养化灾害监控、预警提供了理论依据.     

Reexamining the relations between socio-demographic characteristics and individual environmental concern: Evidence from Shanghai data

This study reexamines the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on individual environmental concern by applying a pooled sample of 1200 individuals in Shanghai, China. Previous studies, which made efforts to explain environmental concern as a function of social structure, suggest that there are traditionally five observations (the age, gender, social class, residence, and political orientation effects) for the relations between socio-demographic characteristics and individual environmental concerns. In this study, we first conduct a factor analysis to a group of 11 environmental concern measures and then use the resulting factors to test three observations (the age, gender, and social class effects) by applying a seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) model. As a result, high household income and high education level have reacted positively to environmental concern as expected. However, we find that in contrast to most of the previous studies, age has shown positive reaction to individual environmental concern, implying that the older generation is more concerned about the environment than the younger population. In addition, the SUR results indicate that women in Shanghai seem less concerned about the environment than men. Other socio-demographic characteristics such as employment status and household size are found to be almost irrelevant to environmental concern.     

Assessing the socioeconomic effects of multiple-use MPAs in a European setting: A national stakeholders’ perspective

The designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) may have intense social and economic effects on human communities. Driven by overarching global and European policies and national legislations, current systematic conservation planning in the UK and France requires an ecosystem approach that takes into account not only nature but also the human activities that take place in an area. Here, we identified a set of 64 socioeconomic variables potentially relevant for marine and coastal stakeholders in a European context and a comprehensive set of 20 marine and coastal stakeholder categories. Ninety national organisations in the UK and France belonging to those categories and potentially affected by/interested in the designation of multiple-use MPAs were identified and surveyed. Results show that environmental NGOs, research centres, local councils, managing agencies and statutory nature conservation bodies perceived that they are positively affected by these MPAs, whereas fishers’ organisations, shipping and aggregate industrial organisations and recreational organisations perceived to be chiefly negatively affected by MPAs. On average, the ecological effects of multiple-use MPAs are perceived as ‘largely positive’, though 30% of respondents did not perceive any positive ecological effects from these MPAs. The social, economic and cultural effects of such MPAs are perceived as ‘moderately positive’. Most respondents perceived broad range (>10 km) and permanent ecological, social, economic and cultural effects from multiple-use MPA designation suggesting high societal expectations towards these areas. However, only five variables were perceived to vary in intensity after the designation of multiple-use MPAs: ‘research’, ‘environmental performance by citizens, businesses and towns’, ‘number of green businesses’, ‘tourism’ and ‘economic activities’. The most important ‘social’ variables for stakeholder organisations referred to local populations’ engagement with the MPA, tourism and research. The most important ‘economic’ variables were linked to fishing, shipping and aquaculture activities. These variables highlight relevant topics to be considered in MPA planning, designation and management processes, especially in the UK and France. There were statistically significant differences in the ratings of socioeconomic variables between many organisations belonging to the same intuitive stakeholder categories, suggesting the importance of including as wide a range of stakeholder organisations as feasible in MPA socioeconomic-related processes. Our methods and findings can help to inform and streamline ongoing and future participatory MPA planning, management and monitoring processes in Europe and in other regions with similar socioeconomic characteristics.     

城市餐厨垃圾产量的空间降尺度模拟

文章以厦门岛为例,采用多元回归模拟和空间分析技术相结合的方法,选取了与厦门岛城市餐厨垃圾产量相关的土地利用、GDP、人口等相关社会经济地理因子进行空间化模拟研究。结果表明:(1)所选地理因子均对餐厨垃圾密度空间分布有一定影响,其中商住混合用地、商业服务用地、城镇住宅用地和城中村用地等土地利用类型的面积比例是主要的影响因子。(2)受多种因素共同影响,筼筜湖周边及厦门岛西南等商业繁华的区域餐厨垃圾密度较高,呈现空间集聚效应。(3)模型验证结果较为理想,各街道内餐厨垃圾总量模拟值与统计值比较符合,实现了厦门岛餐厨垃圾总量的降尺度模拟,是研究城市餐厨垃圾分布规律和实现餐厨垃圾产量空间化的一种尝试,以便为城市餐厨垃圾科学管理和决策提供参考,为餐厨垃圾资源化回收利用提供基础空间数据。     

上海市城乡梯度上土壤重金属空间分布及其影响因素定量分析

提出了两种上海市城乡梯度上土壤重金属空间格局及影响因素的研究方法:缓冲区分析方法和滑动窗口分析方法.缓冲区分析的结果表明,人口变化指数及2~3 km范围内的建设用地比例能显著影响Cd和Cu的空间分布(p0.05),而3 km范围内的道路密度显著影响Pb的浓度.滑动窗口分析的结果表明,Cd和Cu主要受工业活动的影响,而Pb受交通流量,以及反映城市景观扩张过程的景观形状指数的影响.相关分析表明,两种方式揭示了较为相似的土壤重金属空间累积影响因素,即工业活动相关的城市化过程.研究对理解城市化的发生机制及其重金属环境风险的管理有重要意义.     

Do female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) mate multiply to improve on previous mates?

Contrary to classical sexual selection theories, females of many taxa mate with multiple males during one reproductive cycle. In this study, we conducted an experiment on the “trade-up hypothesis”, which proposes that females remate if a subsequently encountered male is potentially superior to previous mates to maximize the genetic quality of their offspring. We presented bank vole females (Clethrionomys glareolus) sequentially with two males of known dominance rank in different orders, i.e., either first subordinate and second dominant, first dominant and second subordinate, or two males that were equal in dominance (high ranking) and observed their mating behavior. We found that 92% of the females mated multiply and did not base their remating decision on male social status. Therefore, polyandry cannot be explained by the “trade-up hypothesis” based on dominance rank in this species. However, we found that dominant males sired significantly more offspring than subordinate males. This varied according to mating order: dominant males sired more offspring when they were second than when they were first. Moreover, litter sizes were significantly smaller when the dominant male was first (smallest relative success of dominant males) compared to litter sizes when mating order was reversed or both males equal in status. Our results suggest that even though multimale mating includes males that are of poorer quality and thus potentially decreases the fitness of offspring, most of a female’s offspring are sired by dominant males. Whether this is due to cryptic female choice, sperm competition, or a combination of both, remains to be tested.     

Shouting the odds: vocalization signals status in a lizard

Many species possess multiple sexually dimorphic traits, which incorporate different sensory modalities (e.g., acoustic, olfactory and visual), although their relative roles in sexual selection and in determining reproductive success are still poorly understood for most taxa. We assessed the role of multiple male traits, including one acoustic (dominant call frequency) and one visual (yellow throat patch) trait, in residency advertisement, contest behavior, and breeding success in barking geckos (Ptenopus garrulus garrulus). We show that male barking geckos maintain largely exclusive home ranges, with a trend for larger males to maintain larger home ranges. We also show that larger males have a lower dominant calling frequency. When aggressive behavior was elicited in the field using a recorded call of average frequency, resident males with low frequency calls were more likely to respond aggressively and charge the speaker compared to males with high frequency calls. However, body size and small relative throat patch size, rather than call frequency, were the best predictors of overall aggressiveness. Body size was also the best predictor of whether males bred. We suggest that call frequency in this crepuscular species constitutes an effective long-range signal of body size, used by males for remote rival assessment and to advertise home range boundaries in low-light environments.     

Low queen mating frequency in the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) pima: implications for the evolution of polyandry

The evolution of polyandry is a central problem in the study of insect mating systems, and both material and genetic benefits have been proposed to offset the presumed costs of multiple mating. Although most eusocial Hymenoptera queens mate with just one or occasionally two males, high levels of polyandry are exhibited by several taxa, including seed-harvester ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex. Previous studies of queen mating frequency in Pogonomyrmex have focused on monogynous (one queen per colony) species in the subgenus Pogonomyrmex. We performed a genetic mother–offspring analysis of mating frequency in Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) pima, a queen-dimorphic species with dealate and intermorph queens that differ in colony structure (intermorph colonies contain multiple queens). Our results demonstrate that both dealate and intermorph queens of P. (E.) pima are typically single maters, unlike their congeners analyzed thus far. Polyandry appears to be a derived trait in Pogonomyrmex, but comparative tests between P. (E.) pima queen morphs and across the genus provide no evidence that it evolved as an adaptation to increase genetic diversity within colonies or to obtain more sperm, respectively.