蜡样芽孢杆菌T4对TNT的降解及耐受机制

2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)是1种硝基芳香族污染物,对人类和生态环境造成严重危害.全面了解微生物对TNT胁迫的细胞反应,对于开发合理的TNT修复技术是必要的.本研究以蜡样芽孢杆菌T4为研究对象,筛选细菌最适的生物刺激因子,分析外源营养物质刺激对细菌生长及TNT转化的影响.利用转录组和代谢组学技术,揭示微生物对TNT的降解和耐受机制.结果显示,该细菌的最适碳氮源分别为葡萄糖、酵母粉.当TNT浓度为100 mg·L-1时,培养基中葡萄糖和酵母粉浓度分别为9.08 g·L-1和0.94 g·L-1.在泥浆反应体系中接种TNT降解菌,TNT的降解率达到96.91％～97.73％.此外,共鉴定到892个差异表达基因和139个差异代谢物.组学联合分析表明,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢和膜转运途径参与了细菌对TNT的降解及耐受过程.     

TAR柱前络合、毛细管电泳分析痕量金属离子

1　IntroductionTransitionmetalswereamongthemostconcernelementsinenvironmentalanalysisduetotheirpotentialrolestoplantandanimals[1 ].Theserolesoftransitionmetalsinenvironmentdependedontheirconcentrationinthesoil,waterandlivingthings.Currently ,themostutiliz…     

种稻土壤CH4排放规律的研究

通过盆栽试验研究了水稻生长期CH4排放的规律。结果表明,CH4排放存在明显的日变化,最大值出现在下午4点左右,最小值出现在凌晨4点左右。土壤温度的变化是导致CH4排放日变化的主要因素。水稻生长期CH4排放的季节变化受前茬季节作物种植及稻草还田时间的显著影响。前茬季节种植紫云英及休闲且水稻移栽前施用稻草处理在水稻生长初期即有大量CH4排放,且在水稻生长的前期、中期和后期分别出现3个CH4排放峰;前茬季节种植小麦和休闲且在前茬季节前施用稻草处理的,直至水稻生长的中期才有少量CH4排放。烤田期间CH4的排放峰值出现在土壤呈微于松软状态时;烤田至土壤干裂时,CH4排放通量降至零。     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中的Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子

本文介绍了低压离子色谱仪测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中锂、钠、铵、钙、钾和镁离子的方法、欲测阳离子在阳离子交换柱上被分离,分别用1.4mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3和0.6mmol·1~(-1)乙二胺+1.2mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3溶液作流动相,流速为1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为10μl时,Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子的检出限(2倍噪音比),分别为0.020,0.050,0.100,0.250,2.5和1.0μg·ml~(-1).     

DNDC模型对川中丘陵区稻田CH_4、N_2O排放的模拟对比分析

利用IKONOS高分辨率（1m）卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆盖→综合信息提取的方法,选定了代表川中丘陵区类特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,通过对研究区域中不同固定耕作制度下代表性田块的选取,于2005年5月—2006年5月对田块管理者进行作物田间管理、作物产出等农业生产实际情况调查和分析,进行土壤理化性状、水样的测定,并结合当地的气象资料,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同耕作制度下稻田温室气体的排放情况。结果表明：冬水田-水稻田（PF）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为2.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,占年排放量的80.73%;水稻生长期和冬闲期N2O通量分别为0.033和0.003 6 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期排放量为4.28 kg.hm-2,占年总排放量的83.59%。CH4和N2O排放量在水稻整个生季节存在明显的互为消长关系。油菜-小麦田（RR）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.16 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的20.71倍,水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的90.48%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.070和0.027 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为8.01 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的54.19%。小麦-水稻田（RW）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的21.02倍。水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的89.75%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.089和0.030 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为9.61 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的55.23%。PF年CH4排放量是RR和RW的近3倍,且少一季作物产量,应尽量将冬水田改为两季田。     

Factors influencing property selection for conservation revolving funds

Finding sustainable ways to increase the amount of private land protected for biodiversity is challenging for many conservation organizations. In some countries, organizations use revolving‐fund programs, whereby land is purchased and then sold to conservation‐minded owners under condition they enter into a conservation covenant or easement. The sale proceeds are used to purchase, protect, and sell additional properties, incrementally increasing the amount of protected private land. Because the effectiveness of this approach relies on selecting appropriate properties, we explored factors currently considered by practitioners and how these are integrated into decision making. We conducted exploratory, semistructured interviews with managers from each of the 5 major revolving funds in Australia. Responses indicated although conservation factors are important, financial and social factors are also highly influential. A major determinant was whether the property could be resold within a reasonable period at a price that replenishes the fund. To facilitate resale, often selected properties include the potential for the construction of a dwelling. Practitioners face with clear trade‐offs between conservation, financial, amenity, and other factors in selecting properties and 3 main challenges: recovering the costs of acquisition, protection, and resale; reselling the property; and meeting conservation goals. Our findings suggest the complexity of these decisions may constrain revolving‐fund effectiveness. Drawing from participant responses, we identified potential strategies to mitigate these risks, such as providing adequate recreational space without jeopardizing ecological assets. We suggest managers could benefit from a shared‐learning and adaptive approach to property selection given the commonalities between programs. Understanding how practitioners deal with complex decisions in the implementation of revolving funds helps identify future research to improve the performance of this conservation tool.     

Uncertainty, learning, and the optimal management of wildlife

Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty.     

大气CO_2增加对生态系统的影响

根据Ｃ＿３植物和Ｃ＿４植物对高浓度ＣＯ＿２的不同反应，评述了富ＣＯ＿２大气对生态系统的影响。结论是大气ＣＯ＿２浓度增加将导致生态系统发生一系列变化，包括生物多样世的减少、营养循环受阻、虫灾发生和温室效应加剧等。