磷酸微波活化多孔生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性简

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助H₃PO₄活化法制备富含含氧酸官能团的中孔生物质炭。通过扫描电子显微镜SEM、傅立叶变换红外光谱FT-IR等技术对生物质炭物理化学性质进行表征,并通过静态实验法,探讨炭样对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为及热力学性质。结果表明,H₃PO₄活化制备蔗渣生物质炭的适宜条件为浸渍比1：1,烘干时间10 h,活化功率900 W,活化时间22 min,在此条件下制得的生物质炭得率为39.2%,碘值为817 mg/g,亚甲基蓝值为229 mg/g,为国家一级品标准的1.7倍。红外光谱分析表明,炭样表面以羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团为主。静态吸附实验表明,Freundlich方程与Redlich-Peterson方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为,表现为优惠吸附。热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能（ΔG⁰）<0,说明吸附反应是自发过程,而吸附标准焓变（ΔH⁰）>70 KJ/mol,表明亚甲基蓝在制备炭样上的吸附是吸热反应,升温有利于吸附,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

有机砷对固态厌氧消化产甲烷的影响和动力学研究

通过高温(55℃)固态厌氧消化研究,发现添加洛克沙胂(ROX)会抑制固态厌氧消化产甲烷,ROX添加水平为0.5、1.0、1.5mmol/kg时,初始每克挥发性固体(VS)累积产甲烷量依次下降19.19%、94.04%、96.56%;添加3-氨基-4-羟基苯砷酸(HAPA)加快了系统前期产甲烷,最终累积产甲烷量与空白对照组相近,抑制效应不明显。一级动力学模型符合固态厌氧消化系统产甲烷动力学,其基本方程为G=G∞×(1-exp(-kt)),其中:G为试验检测得到的累积产甲烷量,mL;G∞为理想状态下基质完全降解时的累积产甲烷量,mL;k为产气一级反应速率常数,d-1;t为反应时间,d。一级动力学模型预测值与实测值的F检验以及P和r2说明,产甲烷动力学方程与实测数据拟合相关度很高,产甲烷动力学方程的回归是极显著的。     

海莲红树林土壤CH4动态研究

对海南东寨港河港河口海莲红树林土壤CH4动态进行研究。CH4通量季节变化规律为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,所有季节所有滩面其平均值为1.21 mg/(m2d)。不同季节CH4产生量平均值的大小顺序也为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,所有季节所有滩面其平均值为8.28 mg/(m2d);土壤理化因子对河港海莲林土壤CH4产生率的重要性依次为全氮>NaCl>Na >Cl->SO42->含水量>总含盐量>有机质。暖季CH4氧化量高于冷季,平均值为7.06 mg/(m2d)。在所有季节所有滩面上,河港海莲林土壤CH4传输率的平均值为28.21%。     

两种消解法测定沉积物总磷的对比

通过过硫酸钾消解法与HClO₄-H₂SO₄消解法对土壤和水系沉积物的标准物质,以及三峡水库沉积物未知样品中的总磷含量进行测定,并对检测结果进行对比,分析过硫酸钾消解法测定沉积物总磷的可行性。结果表明,在标准样品中,HClO₄-H₂SO₄消解法的检测结果是标准值的83%~100%,并且所有结果均在其不确定度范围之内;过硫酸钾消解法的检测结果仅达到标准值的19%~42%,超出其不确定度范围,不能作为有效数据。在未知样品中,过硫酸钾消解法检测结果也远低于HClO₄-H₂SO₄消解法检测结果,只达到后者的32%~52%。由此可见,过硫酸钾消解法测定沉积物或土壤中总磷,仍需要进一步的研究,以达到符合实际的检测结果。     

Assessment of a General Finite Line Source Model and CALINE4 for Vehicular Pollution Prediction in Ireland

A comparative evaluation of two Gaussian-based line source models namely, California line source dispersion model version 4 and the general finite line source model, is presented. The concentrations predicted by these models are compared with background-corrected ambient concentrations measured at three different distances from a motorway and performance of both models assessed in the context of integrated transport–environment modelling for regulatory purposes.     

EDTA容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差分析

系统分析了ＥＤＴＡ容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差产生环节,并对各个环节提出了相应的误差控制办法。文中着重分析了由移液过程和滴定过程所产生的误差,最后指出,作为测定硫酸根离子的方法标准,ＥＤＴＡ容量法无法保证应有的精度,应由离子色谱法取代之     

Endocrine modulation and toxic effects of two commonly used UV screens on the aquatic invertebrates Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Lumbriculus variegatus

The two UV screens 3-benzylidene-camphor (3-BC) and 3-(4'-methylbenzylidene)-camphor (4-MBC) were tested regarding their toxicity and estrogenic activity. The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) and two sediment assays with the freshwater invertebrates Lumbriculus variegatus and Potamopyrgus antipodarum were performed. In the YES, both substances activated the human estrogen receptor alpha with EC50 values of 44.2 microM for 3-BC and 44.3 microM for 4-MBC, whereby 4-MBC attained only 8% of the maximal response of 17beta-estradiol. For P. antipodarum embryo production increased after exposure to both substances (EC50 of 4.60 microM 4-MBC=1.17 mg kg(-1)dw) while mortality increased at high concentrations. The reproduction of L. variegatus was decreased by 3-BC with an EC50 of 5.95 microM (=1.43 mg kg(-1)dw) and also by 4-MBC, where no EC50 could be calculated. While reproduction decreased, the worms' weight increased after exposure to 3-BC with an EC50 of 26.9 microM (=6.46 mg kg(-1) dw), hence the total biomass remained unaffected.     

Relationship between chromium(VI) resistance and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration by some cyanobacterial isolates

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Chromium(VI) resistance and its association with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in cyanobacteria was investigated. Increased EPS concentration was associated with Cr(VI) resistance. The most resistant isolate, Chroococcus sp. H(4), secreted the most EPS (427 mg/L). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EPS concentration of the two most resistant isolates (Chroococcus sp. H(4) and Synechocystis sp. S(63)) was investigated following exposure to 15 and 35 ppm Cr(VI). The composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4) following exposure to 10 ppm Cr(VI) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Control EPS was composed of glucose (99%) and galactronic acid (1%); in the presence of 10 ppm Cr(VI), EPS composition changed to glucose (9%), xylose (75%), rhamnose (14%), and galacturonic acid (2%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results indicated that (1) exposure to elevated concentrations of Cr(VI) affected the composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4), and (2) there was a correlation between Cr(VI) resistance and EPS concentration in some cyanobacteria.     

A monitoring-modeling approach to SO42 − and NO3− secondary conversion ratio estimation during haze periods in Beijing, China

SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- are important chemical components of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),especially during haze periods.This study selected two haze episodes in Beijing,China with similar meteorological conditions.A monitoring-modeling approach was developed to estimate the secondary conversion ratios of sulfur and nitrogen based on monitored and simulated concentrations.Measurements showed that in Episode 1(24th–25th October,2014),the concentrations(proportions)of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- reached 35.1μg/m~3(14.9%) and 55.0μg/m~3(22.9%),while they reached 14.4μg/m~3(9.3%) and 59.1μg/m~3(38.1%)in Episode 2(26th–27th October,2017).A modeling system was applied to apportion Beijing's SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- in primary and secondary SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- emitted from local and regional sources.Thus,secondary conversion contributions considering the local and regional level were defined.The former primarily focused on Beijing atmospheric oxidation ability and the latter mainly considered the existence form of Beijing SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- under the regional transport impacts.Finally,secondary oxidation ratios were estimated through combining secondary conversion contribution coefficients for simulated and monitored concentrations.At regional level,sulfur oxidation ratios in polluted(clean)days during two sampling periods were0.57–0.72(0.07–0.52)and 0.74–0.80(0.08–0.61),nitrogen oxidation ratios were 0.20–0.29(0.05–0.15)and 0.34–0.38(0.02–0.29),indicating that atmospheric oxidation was enhanced when considering regional transport through 2014–2017.At the local level,sulfur oxidation ratios were 0.66–0.71(0.04–0.48)in haze(clean)days,while nitrogen oxidation ratios were0.16–0.29(0.02–0.16).The atmospheric oxidation ability markedly increased in PM_(2.5)pollution days,but changed only slightly between the two periods.