湘潭某新建小学安全现状及管理措施研究

为减少湘潭某新建小学校园安全事件的发生,本文采用安全检查表对该校进行安全隐患排查,通过排查发现该校存在一定的安全隐患问题,主要集中在“物的不安全状态”和“不良环境”2个方面,针对隐患依据4M理论从“人—机—环—管”4个方面提出合理可行的安全管理措施及隐患消除方法。经分析,该校校园环境中存在的安全隐患可通过采取科学有效的方法进行治理。希望本研究可以为小学校园安全管理提供一定的思路。     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.     

Organic micro-pollutant removal in liquid-phase using carbonized silk cotton hull

Phenolic compounds constitute one of the major pollutants in the modern world. Although many physical and chemical treatment technologies for their removal exist, most of them are economically not feasible. The present study was aimed at using silk cotton hull, a potent agricultural waste as an adsobent for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), which was used as a model phenolic compound. The process parameters were investigated and optimized conditions were determined. The equilibrium time was found to ...     

好氧-厌氧循环交替生物除磷影响因素的研究

采用厌氧-好氧循环交替生物除磷工艺,研究了各因素对系统除磷效果的影响。结果表明,培养的基质是生物除磷最为关键的影响因素,综合考虑,利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥体系最好,对COD、N-H、PO4^3-的去除分别为0.966、0.979、0.921,尤其是在PO4^3-的去除上效果更为显著,比单一葡萄糖培养基质的0.4高出一倍多。利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥在pH为7～8（7.5）、温度为20℃～30℃、厌氧阶段DO为小于（等于）0.16 mg/L、好氧阶段DO为2 mg/L～4 mg/L、COD在300 mg/L～500 mg/L、污泥龄为15天时体系运行效果最佳。     

磁流体在印染废水处理中的应用研究

随着工业的迅速发展,大量工业废水的排放给人类生存造成了严重的威胁,尤其是印染废水,因此寻求有效的处理方法是亟待解决的问题。一种新的印染废水处理技术——应用磁流体来处理印染废水,分别研究了Fe3O4磁流体在不同条件（如pH值、表面活性剂的投加量、搅拌时间、温度等）下,对降低印染废水的COD和色度两个方面的影响。实验表明当pH=11,表面活性剂量是亚铁量的0.16倍,磁流体与废水的比大于1：10时COD降低最多,脱色效果最好。     

刚果红的零价铁还原脱色条件及机理研究

零价铁使直接大红4BS还原脱色,其主要机理包括了电化学作用、铁粉的还原作用、铁离子的絮凝吸附作用、铁粉表面的物理吸附等。其中电化学还原与化学还原为主。当铁粉的投加量在2 g/50 ml、pH=3、摇床转速在140 rmp时,5 min内脱色率分别达到了100%、90%和80%以上。结果表明,通过改变染料的pH值、铁粉的投加量和摇床的转速都可以很好地提高脱色效果。     

一种改性柱撑蒙脱石的制备及其对废水中SO_4~(2-)吸附效率研究

蒙脱石具有较大的比表面积和阳离子交换容量,吸附性能较好。但其不能有效地吸附疏水性物质,应用中常将一些聚合羟基金属阳离子引入到蒙脱石层间制成柱撑蒙脱石以提高其孔道特性和热稳定性。为了进一步提高其吸附效率,在柱撑蒙脱石中加入了物料A,高温焙烧,对其进行了一系列的改性,并确定了改性条件,制备了一种新型的SO42-高效吸附剂,并应用于煤矿矿井废水的治理,改性后的吸附剂较柱撑蒙脱石对水中SO42-的吸附率提高了54.6%。最佳焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为4 h,焙烧的最佳物料配比为1:4。     

饮用水生物处理小试工艺中NH＋４-N的非硝化去除途径分析

通过计算N和DO的质量平衡,研究饮用水生物处理小试工艺中是否存在NH4 -N的非硝化去除途径,并探讨其可能机制.结果表明,当生物流化床和生物滤池进水NH4 -N浓度大于2 mg/L时,前者进水的NH4 -N、NO2--N和NO3--N之和比出水高出0.91 mg/L,后者理论上消耗的DO比实际多约2.90 mg/L,说明这2种工艺中均有氮亏损现象发生,一部分NH4 -N通过与DO无关的非硝化作用被去除.对非硝化去除途径的分析表明,因为反应器对磷元素和有机物的利用不随氮亏损发生变化,可以排除掉同化作用和反硝化作用;因为反应器进水低碳高氮的特性NO2--N的积累与发生氮亏损的废水生物处理系统相似,据此提出在生物膜缺氧内部发生、通过短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化的偶联(或OLAND反应)将NH4 -N和NO2--N同时转变为N2脱除的自养脱氮是饮用水生物处理中氮亏损的可能途径.     

Attitudes to nuclear energy: Beliefs,values and false consensus

Attitudinal differences regarding the use of nuclear energy were investigated. Results obtained in a random sample drawn from the population of four communities in The Netherlands within 30 miles of a nuclear power plant showed a strong relationship between subjects' attitudes towards nuclear energy and their perceptions of the possible consequences of nuclear energy. ‘Pro’- and ‘con’-subjects showed marked differences in the importance attached to the different possible consequences and their endorsement of the salience of more general social issues. Results provide support for the view that individuals perceive a false consensus with respect to the relative prevalence of similar attitudes among other people. Finally, subjects' perceptions of others with similar or opposing attitudes towards the issue of nuclear energy showed marked differences in evaluation especially for the extreme attitude groups.     

Fe2O3添加对钛基SCR催化剂表面硫酸氢铵分解行为的影响规律

采用共沉淀法合成了TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,并对硫酸氢铵与上述载体之间的相互作用及硫酸氢铵的具体分解行为进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂载体表面含硫官能团主要以双齿硫酸盐的形式存在,含氮官能团以铵根离子的形式存在.当硫酸氢铵沉积于催化剂载体表面时,由于硫酸根离子具有较强的电负性,Ti原子及Fe原子处于电子缺失状态.对于TiO_2载体,硫酸根离子主要与Ti原子相连;而对于TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,Ti原子及Fe原子均为硫酸根离子主要的附着位点.采用热分析方法及原位红外对硫酸氢铵在TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体表面的分解行为进行了研究,发现铁氧化物的添加显著促进了硫酸氢铵在低温区间内的分解行为;与铵根离子相比,硫酸根离子具有更高的热稳定性.催化剂稳定性测试结果表明,铁氧化物的添加显著提高了低温抗硫抗水性能,为实现低温SCR技术的工业应用提供了理论基础.