Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

介质阻挡放电去除NO的实验研究

设计了一套高压电源和同轴圆柱 -筒介质阻挡放电反应器装置 ,进行了冷等离子体去除NO的实验研究 ,结果表明该方法是有效的 .研究了气体流量、NO初始浓度、放电电压、O2 含量以及中心电极尺寸对NO去除效率的影响 .当流量较小或NO初始浓度较低时 ,有较高的去除率 ;流量变大和NO初始浓度增加时 ,NO的去除率将下降 .放电电压升高 ,NO去除率将增大 .O2 的存在会降低NO的去除率 .放电管其它特征尺寸给定条件下 ,中心电极存在一个最佳直径 ,使得NO的去除效果最为理想 .     

Removal of ammonium and nitrate through Anammox and FeS-driven autotrophic denitrification

● Simultaneous NH₄⁺/NO₃^– removal was achieved in the FeS denitrification system ● Anammox coupled FeS denitrification was responsible for NH₄⁺/NO₃^– removal ● Sulfammox, Feammox and Anammox occurred for NH₄⁺ removal ● Thiobacillus, Nitrospira , and Ca. Kuenenia were key functional microorganisms An autotrophic denitrifying bioreactor with iron sulfide (FeS) as the electron donor was operated to remove ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) synergistically from wastewater for more than 298 d. The concentration of FeS greatly affected the removal of NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻. Additionally, a low hydraulic retention time worsened the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h, the optimal removal was achieved with NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ removal percentages both above 88%, and the corresponding nitrogen removal loading rates of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were 49.1 and 44.0 mg/(L·d), respectively. The removal of NH₄⁺ mainly occurred in the bottom section of the bioreactor through sulfate/ferric reducing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Sulfammox/Feammox), nitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) by functional microbes such as Nitrospira, Nitrosomonas, and Candidatus Kuenenia. Meanwhile, NO₃⁻ was mainly removed in the middle and upper sections of the bioreactor through autotrophic denitrification by Ferritrophicum, Thiobacillus, Rhodanobacter, and Pseudomonas, which possessed complete denitrification-related genes with high relative abundances.     

壳聚糖-钇多孔微球对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能与机理分析

以壳聚糖和Y2(OH)5NO3为原料通过乳液交联法制备了壳聚糖-钇(Ch—Y)复合微球,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱等方法对其表面形貌、结构进行了表征.探讨了溶液的pH值、反应时间、投加量、离子初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响.研究结果表明,壳聚糖-钇(Ch—Y)复合微球在pH值为3的酸性环境中对Cr(Ⅵ)保持了较高的吸附能力,吸附容量为52.39mg·g-1,其吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;通过吸附机理的研究,发现壳聚糖-钇(Ch—Y)对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附是化学吸附静电吸附协同氧化Cr(Ⅵ)离子作用来实现的.     

春节除夕燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气质量影响分析

结合2003—2014年南京城区春节除夕前后主要空气污染物监测数据,分析烟花爆竹集中燃放时空气污染指数及PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度的变化趋势。指出除夕燃放烟花爆竹会引起PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度上升,在大气扩散条件不佳的情况下影响了环境空气质量。建议在大中城市城区采取适当的禁放措施,并加快研制安全环保型的烟花爆竹替代产品。     

近地面NO_2浓度卫星遥感估算问题

对卫星遥感监测大气NO_2的差分算法涉及的科学问题进行了综述,包括去除大气散射和地表反射噪声影响、大气拉曼散射引起的Ring效应校正、不同大气成分分离和观测垂直归一化等问题。国际上通过剔除平流层NO_2获得对流层柱浓度产品,文章绕开平流层NO_2获取问题,提出了结合大气化学模式模拟的垂直廓线直接估算近地面NO_2浓度技术方法,以更好地满足环境空气质量的观测需求,阐述了几个影响NO_2反演精度的相关问题。     

Ce-Fe/ACF催化剂低温选择性催化还原NO的研究

以ACF作为载体制备了一系列不同质量分数的CeO2和Fe2O3混合负载型催化剂,研究了它们催化净化NO的低温活性和活性的稳定性。同时,对比研究了CeO2/ACF和Ce-Fe/ACF净化NO的能力。活性实验结果表明,催化剂中加入Fe2O3作为助催化,能使催化剂活性、稳定性等得到明显改善。反应温度为80~120℃时,比相同质量分数CeO2/ACF催化剂的NO脱除效率提高幅度最大达到18.11%,增幅度较大;随着反应温度的升高,催化剂的脱硝效率提高幅度趋小,反应温度为200℃时,两者相比,NO脱除效率仅提高1.98%;而后随着温度的攀升,催化剂的脱硝效率提高幅度又慢慢趋大,且其效率平稳。     

过渡金属氧化物催化氧化NO实验研究

采用沉淀法制备出一系列过渡金属氧化物催化剂,在内径为10 mm的固定床反应器中考察其对低浓度NO的催化氧化活性,催化反应活性顺序为:MnCrCoCuFeZn,并考察了以锰为活性组分采用低温固相法、流变相法和浸渍法制备的催化剂催化氧化NO的活性。实验结果表明,采用流变相法和低温固相法制备的锰氧化物催化剂,在反应温度150℃,NO浓度为5×10-4,O2为3%,N2为平衡气,空速51 000 h-1条件下,NO转化率分别为65%和57%;采用浸渍法制备的Mn/TiO2-10%催化剂,在反应温度200℃,空速相同的条件下,NO转化率为47%。     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫净化技术研究

讨论了半干半湿法烟气处理技术的特点 ,进行了 35t h燃煤锅炉烟气处理系统脱硫效率的稳定性研究。实验内容包括出塔烟气温度、Ca S摩尔比和循环飞灰量对SO2 去除效率的影响。研究结果表明 ,在Ca S摩尔比 <1 2的条件下 ,脱硫效率可达 85 1% ;Ca S摩尔比为 1 4时 ,脱硫效率为 88 3%。在循环飞灰量和石灰比为 4∶1,Ca S摩尔比为1 15的条件下 ,SO2 的去除效率为 81 0 7% ,系统的除尘效率达 97 7%。     

脉冲电晕放电去除NO的反应途径研究

对脉冲放电等离子体条件下去除NO的宏观反应机理进行研究结果表明,不同氧含量的氮气流中NO的脱除均同时存在氧化、分解与还原三条途径。气流中氧含量不同,起主导的反应也不相同。还考察了NH₃气、H₂O蒸气等调质剂对反应途径的影响。NH₃的加入有利于NO通过还原途径脱除,但同时导致生成N2O反应的加剧,而产生二次污染,由此说明NH3加入位置的重要性。水蒸气在等离子体作用下产生氧化性物种,有利于NO的氧化脱除。本实验条件下加入气流量1％的水气即能使NO氧化脱除率增加20％左右。实验还考察了电参数（峰值电压、脉冲重复频率等）对NO脱除反应的影响。最后对本实验条件下的反应机理进行推断,所得结果对脉冲电晕等离子体烟气脱NO工艺研究具有一定的指导意义。