强化絮凝法去除水中DBP先质研究

采用强化絮凝的方法，实验研究和探明了混合反应强度，浊度，ＰＨ值等因素对去除水中ＤＢＰ先质的影响规律，进一步揭示了强化絮凝条件下除浊与除ＤＢＰ先质的相互关系，求得了不同水质条件下的最佳ＰＨ值和最佳投药量。     

粉炭强化循环造粒流化床去除天然有机物的研究

强化天然有机物去除是饮用水处理工艺的重要目标.循环造粒流化床作为一种新型高效固液分离技术具有处理负荷高、水质适应性强的特点,将其与粉末活性炭（PAC）联用,探究对水库水中有机物的强化去除效果.研究发现当聚合氯化铝（PACl）与PAC同时投加,且PACl、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）及PAC投加量分别为24mg/L、1.2mg/L、30mg/L时,流化床系统对进水浊度、UV₂₅₄、COD_Mn、DOC去除率分别为96.5%、72.0%、71.7%、61.0%.对进出水中的有机物进行三维荧光分析,发现流化床系统中结团造粒作用下出水的类富里酸和类腐殖酸的FI分别比进水降低了40.1%和43.0%;加入30mg/L PAC后,出水的类富里酸和类腐殖酸的的FI分别比原水降低了54.0%和55.3%.水库水中的有机物分子量主要在 < 1kDa和10~30kDa两个区间,分别占总有机物含量的37.1%和39.1%.循环造粒流化床系统中结团造粒作用主要去除10~30kDa区间的有机物,PAC吸附作用对 < 1kDa的有机物有很好的去除.     

FeOOH催化臭氧氧化滤后水中NOM的小分子副产物的生成

以滤后水中富集、分离出的6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)组分为对象,考察了羟基氧化铁（FeOOH）催化臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸副产物的生成情况.发现FeOOH催化氧化比臭氧氧化提高了对NOM 各组分DOC和SUVA的去除率.FeOOH催化氧化并不能有效地降低NOM各组分小分子副产物的产量.催化氧化和臭氧氧化后,憎水中性物质(HON)的醛、酮、酮酸的总产量都最高,NOM碱性组分的小分子副产物产量都相对最低.NOM各组分催化氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸的产量最大,这和单独臭氧氧化的结论一致.特别是HON的甲醛产率占其醛、酮总产量的71.6%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产量达78.6 μg/mg.用NOM组分的小分子副产物折算DOC占各组分氧化后DOC的质量分数来间接显示氧化后剩余DOC的可生物降解性,发现催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化进一步提高了滤后水中NOM各组分的可生化性.     

Controlling various contaminants in wastewater effluent through membranes and engineered wetland

For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM), toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate, bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K _ow and pK _a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate) and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore, a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation and optimum control of contaminats.     

活性炭对天然水体中甲基对硫磷和三氯乙烯的吸附特性研究

采用序批式试验研究了3种粉末活性炭(PAC)对天然水体中甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附平衡特性,利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对不同投炭量下的吸附动力学进行拟合与预测,并探讨了天然有机物(NOM)对MP、TCE在PAC上的竞争吸附效应.研究结果表明,天然水体条件下,3种PAC对MP和TCE的吸附符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;MP比TCE更易于被PAC吸附;3种PAC对MP、TCE的吸附能力由大到小依次为YK炭、SL炭和JC炭;HSDM模型可以很好地对吸附动力学进行拟合,并能够有效地预测不同投炭量时的吸附动力学;天然水体中的NOM会与MP和TCE在PAC上发生竞争吸附,NOM对MP的竞争吸附作用相对TCE更为显著.     

不同性质天然有机物对水中颗粒稳定性影响的机理研究

以不同来源天然有机物(NOM)及其各分离组份和模型颗粒Al(OH)₃为研究对象,考察了pH值、二价金属离子Ca²⁺以及NOM的特性等因素对Al(OH)₃颗粒稳定性的影响,并通过研究几种NOM吸附性能和吸附前后的特性变化,进一步探讨了NOM对颗粒稳定性的影响机理.结果表明,Al(OH)₃颗粒的等电点pH_iep出现在pH5～6之间,吸附态有机物是造成颗粒稳定性提高的主要原因,溶液中自由态Ca²⁺离子能够起到压缩双电层的作用,降低吸附态NOM之间的静电斥力,减小表面负电性,增加pH_iep;吸附络合态Ca²⁺离子对颗粒表面负电性影响较小,但能够强化NOM在颗粒表面的吸附.NOM作为聚合态阴离子,在颗粒表面的吸附行为不符合Langmuir吸附模型,最大吸附发生在pH 4左右,吸附作用能够去除几种NOM中分子量较大的部分,并减小其羧基官能团的相对含量,NOM中大分子量、芳香性高的成分是造成水中颗粒稳定性提高的主要原因.     

Natural organic matter(NOM) removal from surface water by coagulation

IntroductionNaturalorganicmatter(NOM)inriversandlakesisacomplexmixtureofmoleculeswithvaryingmolecularweightandchemicalnatureandoriginatesfromavarietyofsources(degradationofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms,biologicalactivityinthewaterbody,humaninputsetc.).NO…     

Simultaneous E. coli inactivation and NOM degradation in river water via photo-Fenton process at natural pH in solar CPC reactor. A new way for enhancing solar disinfection of natural water

Bacteria inactivation and natural organic matter oxidation in river water was simultaneously conducted via photo-Fenton reaction at “natural” pH (6.5) containing 0.6 mg L⁻¹ of Fe³⁺ and 10 mg L⁻¹ of H₂O₂. The experiments were carried out by using a solar compound parabolic collector on river water previously filtered by a slow sand filtration system and voluntarily spiked with Escherichia coli. Fifty five percent of 5.3 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved organic carbon was mineralized whereas total disinfection was observed without re-growth after 24 h in the dark.     

Bottom-up approach for the reaction of xenobiotics and their metabolites with model substances for natural organic matter by electrochemistry-mass spectrometry (EC-MS)

Risk assessment of xenobiotics requires a comprehensive understanding of their transformation in the environment. As most of the transformation processes usually involve a redox reaction or a hydrolysis as the first steps of the transformation, we applied an approach that uses an electrochemical cell to investigate model “redox” reactions in aqueous solutions for environmental processes. We investigated the degradation of a variety of xenobiotics from polar to nonpolar and analyzed their degradation products by on-line coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry (EC-MS). Furthermore, we evaluated possible binding reactions with regard to the generation of non-extractable residues with some model substances (catechol, phthalic acid, γ-l-Glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine (GSH) and l-histidine) deduced from a natural organic matter (NOM) structure model and identified possible binding-sites.Whereas typically investigations in soil/water-systems have been applied, we used to our knowledge for the first time a bottom-up approach, starting from the chemicals of interest and different model substances for natural organic matter to evaluate chemical binding mechanisms (or processes) in the EC-MS under redox conditions. Under oxidative conditions, bindings of the xenobiotics with catechol, GSH and histidine were found, but no reactions with the model compound phthalic acid were observed. In general, no chemical binding has yet been found under reductive conditions. In some cases (i.e. benzo[a]anthracene) the oxidation product only underwent a binding reaction, whereas the xenobiotic itself did not undergo any reactions.EC-MS is a promising fast and simple screening method to investigate the environmental behavior of xenobiotics and to evaluate the potential risks of newly synthesized substances.     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.