Microbial Fe(III) Reduction in Acidic Mining Lake Sediments after Addition of an Organic Substrate and Lime

To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by ³⁵S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column.     

基于卫星测高数据的2002～2018年太湖水位变化监测

针对传统水位监测方法的弊端以及太湖水位变化监测的现实需求,基于Envisat和Cryosat-2测高数据,采用Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验法研究2002年6月～2018年12月近20a的水位以及周期变化,并应用实测数据进行精度验证,从气象因素和人为影响两方面分析其不同时间尺度的变化趋势以及原因.结...     

洪泛湖泊水位-流量关系的非线性特征分析

湖泊的水位-流量关系是湖泊水文特性的重要表征。该关系与湖盆形态、湖泊与周围水系的水力联系等因素有关。鄱阳湖是长江中游的大型通江湖泊,洪泛特征显著。本文以鄱阳湖为例,研究洪泛湖泊入湖流量-湖泊水位关系及非线性特征。基于1960~2010年实测湖泊日水位和流域日径流数据,采用交叉小波和小波相干方法分析多时间尺度上水位对入湖流量的响应关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖入湖流量-湖泊水位关系存在3个特征阶段:阶段1中,入湖流量与湖泊水位相位差从0°过渡到45°~90°,水位上升初期与流量同步上升,后期水位对流量的响应产生迟滞效应,滞后时间为2~9d;阶段2中,入湖流量与湖泊水位相位差在90°左右波动,入湖流量率先下降,湖泊水位却保持缓慢上升;阶段3中,入湖流量与湖泊水位的相位变化与阶段1相反,从45°~90°过渡到0°,湖泊水位与入湖流量下降逐渐变为同步。本文提出鄱阳湖入湖流量-湖泊水位关系的3个阶段并分析其产生的主要原因,概化其水文特征,对通江洪泛湖泊的水文特征有新的认识,为下一步湖泊水文过程的刻画与模拟提供重要理论基础。     

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.     

新疆艾比湖流域平原区景观土壤属性特征研究

以新疆艾比湖流域平原区为对象,在对研究区进行景观生态分类及野外调查验证的基础上,利用＂3S＂技术将1∶100×104的新疆土壤类型图与研究区景观类型图叠加,从土壤属性层次上对研究区各类景观的生态土壤类型进行确认,并分析其在研究区内分布的特征。结果表明：研究区主要土壤类型为26类,以石膏灰棕漠土所占比例最大,占研究区总面积的19.03%,棕钙土、荒漠风沙土、草甸盐土、盐化草甸土、和灌耕灰漠土等面积也较大。     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

武汉市夏季湖泊水体理化指标主成份和聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊水体理化因子的变化规律,为湖泊渔业和湖泊水质管理提供基础数据,于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、〖JP2〗南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的TN、NH+4 N、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、〖JP〗PO3-4 P、DO、pH、CODMn、WT、SD和EC,应用SPSS软件,对测定结果从事了主成份分析和聚类分析。主成份分析结果表明,3个主成份分别为营养环境因子（包括TN、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、pH、CODMn和EC）、生存因子（DC）和铵吸收因子（NH+4 N）。Q型聚类结果表明,5个湖泊的13个点可聚为4大类,即第1类为9、10、11、12、13号点;第2类是1、2、4号点;第3类是5、6、7、8号点;第4类是3号点。可将5个湖泊分为3类,即斧头湖和梁子湖为一类,柴泊湖为一类,野芷湖和南湖为一类。这一结果是城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。     

湖泊底泥挖掘可能导致水体氮磷平衡破坏的研究

挖掘底泥是减少富营养化湖泊内源性氮、磷元素的主要手段 ,但若挖掘不当 ,则一段时间内可能会导致水体氮、磷平衡破坏 ,富营养化加剧。从底泥挖掘可能导致水体营养元素平衡破坏的成因入手 ,探讨避免水体富营养化加剧的对策。     

负荷历时曲线法在梁子湖流域污染容量总量控制中的应用

采用负荷历时曲线法(LDC),基于水质保护目标,研究水体纳污能力,确定最大日负荷总量(TMDL)是当前流域污染总量控制的主要方法之一。根据梁子湖高桥河流域控制断面2008~2011年的水文、水质数据,以主要污染物COD为指标,将负荷历史曲线法运用到梁子湖高桥河等子流域污染容量总量控制中,对该流域的最大日负荷(TMDL)变化规律进行分析,提出流域不同水文条件下的污染负荷消减量。研究结果表明:梁子湖水环境受面源污染影响较大。高桥河、徐家港、张家桥港、山坡港、宁港流域,在高流量期实际负荷值均已超出了允许负荷,其削减量分别为61.36、4.33、12.98、3.84、7.13 t/d;徐家港和宁港流域在丰水期实际负荷值也超出了允许负荷,削减量分别为0.16、0.17 t/d。该研究为流域相关管理部门对湖泊水环境的污染控制提供可靠的决策依据。     

Chemical tracers as indicator of human fecal coliforms at storm water outfalls

Indicators to distinguish between fecal coliforms of human and animal origin were investigated in water from storm sewer outfalls to a coastal lake during wet and dry weather. The ratio of fecal coliform relative to fecal streptococci count was used as the microbiological indicator. Concentrations of human-activities originated caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) were used as chemical indicators. The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ranged from 0.2 to 3.0, during wet weather making it difficult to interpret the origin of fecal pollution. However, concentrations of caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and FWA in storm water outflow during wet weather were much higher than those in the lake water during dry weather, indicating the presence of human waste at storm water outfall. Strong correlation between fecal coliform counts and chemical parameter values further indicated the human contribution to the fecal coliform count. In addition, a strong correlation among the chemical parameters suggested that only one of them is needed as chemical tracer to detect the presence of human input.