精细化工有机废水的臭氧催化氧化

以含染料中间体和医药中间体为主的精细化工有机废水作为研究对象,针对该类废水生化处理低效率的问题而开展催化臭氧实验,探讨了催化剂种类、反应条件和催化剂协同臭氧作用的最佳条件,考察了COD去除率、脱色率、BOD5/COD各指标及产物的过程变化。结果表明,与活性炭或Cu/C相比,Mn/C协同臭氧效果更佳,在臭氧流量为4g/h,反应时间2h,pH为9,脱色率和COD去除率分别为91.6%和34.9%。经过UV-vis分析发现,由于臭氧的氧化作用,使废水中不饱和基团被破坏,复杂有机物转化为小分子化合物。经过处理后原水的BOD5/COD由0.236提高到0.419,生化性得到明显提高,有利于后续生物处理。     

电极成对电解苋菜红脱色研究

采用恒电流模式,同时以活性炭纤维(ACF)为阳极和阴极,在无隔膜电解槽中研究了不同电流密度下偶氮染料苋菜红的电化学脱色。结果表明在0.6～1.5 mA/cm2时,电解槽中发生阳极电氧化和阴极电还原同时进行的成对电解脱色。成对电解的发生,可以提高电解槽的工作处理能力。当电流密度为0.9 mA/cm2时,脱色率达到95.5%。     

镁盐改性活性炭对普拉红B的吸附性能研究

运用化学沉淀-原位复合法制得氢氧化镁/活性炭复合材料(Mg(OH)2/AC),对其比表面积和XRD谱进行了表征,考察了该复合材料对普拉红B的脱色性能.结果表明,在293～313 K下,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都能很好地描述Mg(OH)2/AC对普拉红B的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型更为合适...     

色彩与交通安全关系探析

基于色彩的心理和生理作用原理,分析了色彩与交通安全的相应联系,提出交通安全色彩设计的系统思想,旨在引入交通安全色彩设计的1种系统理念,倡导1种提高交通安全的研究方法.     

The effects of color and light on indoor wayfinding and the evaluation of the perceived environment

This study was designed to explore the effects of color and light on indoor wayfinding and the subjective judgments of those perceiving the environment. Furthermore, how problems experienced in buildings with complex floor plans and successive spaces are addressed using variables such as color, brightness, and correlated color temperature through a desktop virtual reality environment. The experiment was conducted with the participation of 102 university students who experienced the indoor environments with various color and light variables, and evaluated these environments using concrete concepts like clear/blurry, attractive/unattractive, navigable/unnavigable and inviting/repellent. The scores for attractiveness and remembrance of warm colors were found to be higher than those for other colors, and the median scores for the positive perception of correlated color temperature were found to be higher than those concerning high and low level temperatures. However, it was confirmed that the use of warm and cool colors in indoor environments with low light levels were not taken into consideration by users of a space and were perceived negatively. Moreover, it was determined that compared to the males, females preferred high brightness levels.     

Statistical Methods and Pitfalls in Environmental Data Analysis

This paper reviews four commonly used statistical methods for environmental data analysis and discusses potential pitfalls associated with application of these methods through real case study data. The four statistical methods are percentile and confidence interval, correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The potential pitfall for estimation of percentile and confidence interval includes the automatic assumption of a normal distribution to environmental data, which so often show a log-normal distribution. The potential pitfall for correlation coefficient includes the use of a wide range of data points in which the maximum in value may trivialize other smaller data points and consequently skew the correlation coefficient. The potential pitfall for regression analysis includes the propagation of uncertainties of input variables to the regression model prediction, which may be even more uncertain. The potential pitfall for ANOVA includes the acceptance of a hypothesis as a weak argument to imply a strong conclusion. As demonstrated in this paper, we may draw very different conclusions based on statistical analysis if the pitfalls are not identified. Reminder and enlightenment obtained from the pitfalls are given at the end of this article.     

Classifying environmentally significant urban land uses with satellite imagery

We investigated Bayesian networks to classify urban land use from satellite imagery. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM(+)) images were used for the classification in two study areas: (1) Marina del Rey and its vicinity in the Santa Monica Bay Watershed, CA and (2) drainage basins adjacent to the Sweetwater Reservoir in San Diego, CA. Bayesian networks provided 80-95% classification accuracy for urban land use using four different classification systems. The classifications were robust with small training data sets with normal and reduced radiometric resolution. The networks needed only 5% of the total data (i.e., 1500 pixels) for sample size and only 5- or 6-bit information for accurate classification. The network explicitly showed the relationship among variables from its structure and was also capable of utilizing information from non-spectral data. The classification can be used to provide timely and inexpensive land use information over large areas for environmental purposes such as estimating stormwater pollutant loads.     

Image Themes and Frames in US Print News Stories about Climate Change

Research on frames in climate change (CC) news coverage has advanced substantially over the past decade, but the emerging understanding of the framing role of visual imagery that often accompanies news texts remains fragmented. We report on a set of image frames identified through content analysis of 350 images associated with 200 news articles from 11 US newspaper and magazine sources from 1969 through late 2009. We reliably identified and quantified the occurrence of 118 image themes. We then hierarchically clustered the themes based on their co-occurrence in images to identify an integrated framework of 42 image frames. We highlight frames associated with particular types of images (e.g., photographs and maps) or geographic regions. From among the full set of frames, we identify 15 that commonly appear in US CC news imagery and discuss the ways in which image frames make salient (or render invisible) particular categories of people, geographic regions, aspects of science, and spheres of activity.     

基于炉渣图像处理的生活垃圾焚烧效果快速评测方法

以生活垃圾可燃组分焚烧炉渣为研究对象,基于图像处理技术设计了一种简单快捷的炉渣质量快速评价比色方法 .为验证该方法的可行性,以4种生活垃圾可燃组分（纸类、橡塑、织物、混合组分）制备焚烧炉渣并获取图像信息同时测定热灼减率.结果表明,不同条件下炉渣颜色与热灼减率差异显著,且除橡塑组分外,其余组分炉渣颜色与热灼减率存在显著相关性.选取混合组分炉渣热灼减率与颜色信息分析划分了6个颜色质量等级并生成色卡.该方法将炉渣外貌特征与焚烧炉焚烧效果建立关联,可为垃圾焚烧现场快速评价提供参考.     

平遥双林寺彩塑——另类曲线美

平遥双林寺彩塑是一种以佛教为题材、世俗形象的民间艺术。彩塑塑造方法虽然也是写实主义,但却有独特的塑造风格,民间艺人采用夸张的曲线线条来体现一种力量型的另类曲线美感。以天王殿四大金刚及著名的千佛殿里韦驮做主要的观察对象,探讨了平遥双林寺彩塑独特的塑造技术和对线条音律的运用能力。