High concentrations and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen species at two sites in the North China Plain

Atmospheric concentrations of major reactive nitrogen (N_r) species were quantified using passive samplers, denuders, and particulate samplers at Dongbeiwang and Quzhou, North China Plain (NCP) in a two-year study. Average concentrations of NH₃, NO₂, HNO₃, pNH₄⁺ and pNO₃⁻ were 12.0, 12.9, 0.6, 10.3, and 4.7 μg N m⁻³ across the two sites, showing different seasonal patterns of these N_r species. For example, the highest NH₃ concentration occurred in summer while NO₂ concentrations were greater in winter, both of which reflected impacts of N fertilization (summer) and coal-fueled home heating (winter). Based on measured N_r concentrations and their deposition velocities taken from the literature, annual N dry deposition was up to 55 kg N ha⁻¹. Such high concentrations and deposition rates of N_r species in the NCP indicate very serious air pollution from anthropogenic sources and significant atmospheric N input to crops.     

近50a华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米耗水规律研究

为明确华北平原主导作物冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量的变化趋势,为水资源配置提供科学依据,论文搜集文献资料,结合中国科学院禹城综合试验站长期观测数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析了华北平原近50 a冬小麦和夏玉米的耗水量变化趋势,阐明其耗水特性和作物水分利用效率变化,最后通过对蒸发能力和气象要素的变化趋势分析明确了冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量变化的主导原因。研究表明:①近50 a华北平原主导作物冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量呈下降趋势,冬小麦耗水量从501.2 mm降低到456.3 mm,夏玉米耗水量大体变化在300~400 mm,平均为350 mm左右;②冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率大幅度提高,冬小麦水分利用效率由3.31 kg/(hm²·mm)增至15.91 kg/(hm²·mm);夏玉米水分利用效率从3.72 kg/(hm²·mm)提高到23.36 kg/(hm²·mm);③拔节-乳熟期是冬小麦耗水强度和耗水量最大的一个时期,华北平原需要通过多次灌溉满足作物水分供需平衡,拔节-灌浆期是夏玉米耗水强度和耗水模系数都比较高的时期,适逢华北地区雨热同期,一般不需要进行补充灌溉;④大气相对湿度增加和日照时数减少是蒸发能力减弱的主因,进而导致作物耗水量呈现下降趋势。     

华北平原和山区城市PM2.5和O3变化关系比较分析

利用2015~2019年环境监测数据,对比分析华北地区平原城市保定市和山区城市张家口市PM_2.5和O₃变化和相关关系.结果表明：保定市PM_2.5夏低冬高,O₃夏高冬低,日变化为午后单峰型,而张家口市PM_2.5浓度低,日变化幅度较弱,冬季O₃日变化为午后峰值和凌晨5：00左右弱峰值双峰型.张家口市冬季全天及春夏秋季夜间O₃浓度显著高于保定市,甚至夏季出现夜间O₃超标异常,最高浓度达到202μg/m³,反映了平原城市和清洁山区大气物理化学过程变化的影响.PM_2.5和O₃在4~9月为正相关,11~3月为负相关;保定市PM_2.5-O₃相关系数日变化呈单峰型,张家口市为双峰型变化,凌晨和午后各有一峰值,华北地区平原污染区和高山相对清洁区,大气复合污染物PM_2.5和O₃作用关系的日变化及季节特征具有明显差异.     

南水北调东线工程底泥污染物对水质的影响评价

在南水北调东线工程黄河以南区域,对河流、湖泊的底泥进行了监测,并对不牢河的底泥进行了冲刷试验,根据获得的实测资料和试验数据,对底泥污染物对水质的影响进行分析评价.结果显示,底泥中的重金属类汞和砷,有机类污染指标中的总磷,总氮,CODCr和CODMn的最大溶出浓度均较高,它们有可能成为影响水体质量的潜在污染源.从接近于实际调水情况的冲刷试验结果看,底泥中的污染物对水体水质的影响较小.      

华北地区空气质量空间分布特征及成因研究

以2015年华北地区71个主要城市的AQI监测数据为基础,通过交叉验证评估不同空间插值方法,选择克里金指数模型生成华北地区的AQI栅格数据;然后分析区域AQI的时空分布特征,并重点讨论了降水、风向、风速及地形对AQI的影响;最后利用逐步回归分析法,找出对AQI产生较大影响的社会经济因子,并结合ESDA方法和空间回归模型对AQI及社会经济因子进行空间相关性分析.结果表明:AQI的几种插值方法中以克里金指数插值法精度整体最优;AQI有明显的季节性变化,冬季AQI明显高于夏季;华北地区整体污染较重,最严重的区域集中在河北南部、河南北部和山东西部;降水、风和地形与AQI关系密切,当降水量大于10 mm时,对AQI具有显著的抑制作用;AQI与风速呈显著负相关,风速对不同污染物的影响强度具有明显的季节差异,冬季偏北风向是造成空气污染南移和扩散的主要原因;太行山脉和燕山山脉阻塞污染物向西和向北扩散,导致华北平原的东南部地区污染加重;社会经济因子中,工业对AQI的影响最大,其他依次为民用汽车保有量、人口密度、森林覆盖率.     

百年来北方湖泊沉积物PAHs的变化特征及其对人类活动的响应

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变性和生物累积效应,在社会引起了广泛关注.鉴于我国北方地区湖泊众多,且受人为活动影响日益加剧,收集了我国北方30个湖泊沉积物中的PAHs数据,分析了 PAHs的历史变化、空间分布和生态风险,阐述了 PAHs对人为排放和削减措施的响应.结果表明,北方湖泊沉积物中ω(PAHs)在18...     

华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统的能值分析——以河北沧州为例

从能值的角度出发,以华北平原代表区域——河北省沧州地区2003年统计数据和调查数据为基础,对该地区种植业生态经济系统的能值投入和产出进行首次分析。结果显示:该地区不可更新的工业辅助能占总能值投入的78.5%,可更新的能值投入仅占21.4%(可更新环境资源8.79%、可更新有机12.68%),说明农业生产过渡依赖于外源不可更新辅助能的投入;此外,高系统太阳能值转换率、低净能值产出率和高环境负荷率的特点,表明该地区种植业的科技发展水平比较高,对环境的压力相当大。综合结果说明种植业系统对环境资源的过度利用必然会引起生态环境的破坏。基于此,提出华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统可持续发展对策:以优化施肥为基础,合理减少化肥投入为代表,适当降低工业辅助能投入;调整农业增产投入战略,努力解决该地区以水资源短缺为主的作物增产限制因子;改变农业生产中有机能值与无机能值的投入比例,降低系统环境负荷率。     

苏北山丘区典型次生林下土壤理化性质的对比分析

在苏北山丘区现存的6种典型次生林下设置8块测试样地,对各林分植被因子进行调查并对其林下土壤理化性质进行分析比较.结果表明,赤松(Pinus densiflora)林、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林以及刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林多为纯林,是该山丘区主要的次生林类型;不同次生林下土壤平均硬度为(11.57±5.26)～(20.92±6.91) kg·cm-2;常绿针叶林下土壤容重、黏粒组成、田间持水量等指标均小于落叶阔叶林;常绿针叶林下土壤呈酸性,而落叶阔叶林下土壤呈弱碱性;刺槐林下土壤有机质、氮、磷等养分含量相对较高,供肥能力较强.     

Characterizing Small Subbasins: A Case Study from Coastal Oregon

A fine-grained statisticaly robust probability sample of stream segments is used to compare two small (20,000 hectare) subbasins of the Tillamook watershed, north coastal Oregon. The two subbasins are matched with respect to several variables [size coastal climates], but vary in terms of geology and consequently land use. A total of 67 wadeable + non-wadeable sizes were identified for sampling in the two subbasins (combined) over two field seasons from a sampling universe consisting of the River Reach File 3 (blue lines on 1:100,000 maps). Target variables include an extensive array of physical habitat endpoints, selected water chemistry endpoints, species composition, and relative abundance of both benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Field protocols generally followed those of the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).Eleven fish species were encountered, a typically low number for coastal Oregon streams. Exploratory analysis using nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that 92.4% of the variation in the fish assemblages could be explained with two ordination axes. Environmental factors related to stream size and substate were the most correlated to these axes. Further, stream segments for the two subbasins tended to map in different areas of species space. Therefore, we also give unweighted probability distributions for several of the factors that heavily on these two axes by subbasins, as well as probability distributions for chemical endpoints. Results from the subset of sites sampled during the first year (21 wadeable sites) reveal: 1) differences between samples from the two subbasins relates to dream size and substrate composition that are consistent with known differences in geology and land use, 2) unexpectedly minor differences between samples from the two subbasins for stream temperature, canopy cover, and dissolved oxygen, 3) differences between samples from the two subbasins for total P, and total N, possibly related to land use, and 4) unexpected differences in samples from the two subbasins for conductivity, probably related to geological factors. Sample size for each subbasin is low and therefore our samples cannot be taken to necessarily characterize either subbasin. However, our findings are consistent with a comprehensive assessment that had been previously produced for one of the two subbasins.All field work was completed in 8 weeks 3-person field crew. We conclude that rapid assessment protocols, based on probability samples at this level of resolution, can be a cost-effective approach to watershed analysis. This approach should be seen as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, systematic surveys that produced finer scale, reach specific information on factors such as channel complexity and cover relevant to in-stream restoration planning.     

华北平原潮土酸度特征与酸化敏感性的初步探讨

采集华北平原潮土样品对其酸度特征和酸化敏感性进行了初步探讨.结果显示,过量施用氮肥导致的硝酸盐积累是华北平原潮土pH值下降的重要原因,硝酸根与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.碳酸钙溶解是当前潮土缓冲酸化的主要过程,决定着潮土对外界酸输入的响应方式和敏感程度.随着酸输入量的增加,低碳酸钙土壤的pH值迅速下降,但高碳酸钙的石灰性潮...