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201.
东北区夏季低温冷害的长期预报 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
利用东北区三大站(沈阳、长春、哈尔滨)50年(1951-2000年)夏季平均气温、前冬和夏季500hPa高度场、距平场及副高面积指数和海温场资料,对东北夏季低温冷害的环流特征进行了分析,建立了东北区夏季低温冷害预报模式;用春季高度距平平均场建立了夏季低温冷害天气预报模型。结果表明,东北区低温冷害与冬季副高面积指数及500 hPa乌拉尔山附近的高度值呈正相关,与冬季西风漂流区附近(40°~45°N,160°~150°N)海温场呈反相关;所建方程及模式预报拟合率和预报准确率都比较高,且可提前3个月左右进行预报。 相似文献
202.
华北及邻近地区的巨灾链 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
对华北及其邻近地区自清代以来特大地震和水灾构成的4次巨灾链进行了介绍,并初步探讨了它们的形成机制、预测指标及减灾对策。 相似文献
203.
考虑水温变化的变降解系数在北京市北运河水质模拟中的应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
综合降解系数是水质模拟预测、水环境容量计算中的关键参数之一,并且受温度影响较大。首先基于北京市北运河代表站2010年逐日水温资料,根据描述氨氮降解系数与温度之间数量关系的经验公式,得到随水温变化的动态降解系数以及年均水温对应的恒定降解系数,并采用模型试错法进行修正。然后基于MIKE11模型,模拟了采用变降解系数和恒定降解系数2种情景下北运河榆林庄断面氨氮浓度的变化。结果表明:2种情景均能较好地模拟氨氮浓度的年变化趋势,但采用变降解系数下大多月份模拟得到的月均质量浓度相对实测值误差较小,尤其是4—12月各月平均质量浓度模拟误差控制在15%以内,全年日均质量浓度模拟误差不足4%,模型表现更为稳定。 相似文献
204.
太行山区水循环及其对华北平原地下水补给的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
山区水循环研究不仅对山区本身, 对与其相连的山前平原地下水的补给也具有重要意义。太行山区作为华北平原的重要水源补给区, 其水循环现状以及对华北平原地下水的补给研究尚少, 许多机理还不明确。研究通过阐述山区水循环过程与机理, 结合地处太行山中段的牛家庄实验流域的实例研究, 对太行山区对华北平原地下水的补给过程进行了分析。2004 年4-11 月的研究结果表明, 牛家庄流域对山前的侧向补给量为1.53×106m3, 补给系数(补给总量/降水总量)为0.242。流域的下游补给系数最大, 中游次之, 上游最小。最后, 用概念模型对太行山区流域水循环机制和山前侧向补给的机理进行了阐述。 相似文献
205.
东南沿海经济发达地区发展趋势与问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
东南沿海经济发达地区是我国改革开放和现代化建设的先行地区。在持续十几、二十几年的经济快速发展过程中,该地区产业结构进一步优化,经济实力迅速提高,已经基本形成城乡一体化、城市连绵化的格局,为我国综合实力的增强做出了巨大贡献。随着经济全球化、一体化的发展,该地区将继续担负我国国际竞争力提升和国内经济发展示范的重要作用。然而,产业自主创新能力不强、能源缺口较大、耕地流失严重、粮食安全问题、产业发展空间受限、生态环境恶化等已成为该地区可持续发展的瓶颈。在分析该地区发展状况与问题的基础上,从协调经济、环境与社会的角度出发,以科学发展观为指导,对东南沿海地区经济可持续发展提出了建议。 相似文献
206.
南水北调中线工程与汉江中下游地区可持续发展 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
汉江是长江最大的支流,汉江中下游地区是湖北省经济基础最强的地区。同时汉江流域也存在着洪涝灾害威胁大、水资源开发利用水平不高、环境建设和生态保护力度不够、传统的工农业生产方式和产业结构加重环境的恶化、管理体制不顺等问题。南水北调中线工程以及配套工程的实施,对汉江流域的经济发展将起推动作用,同时从汉江的丹江口水库调水,将改变汉江中下游的水资源分配,社会经济发展与生态环境的协调将会出现新的矛盾。要解决好流域经济发展问题,必须把握好建设南水北调中线工程的机遇,更新观念,加强前期研究和规划,注重生态环境的保护和示范工程的建设,建立相应的政策法规和流域管理体制,全面保证汉江中下游地区的可持续发展。 相似文献
207.
汉江上游是南水北调中线水源地,流域生态环境建设是保障水源地水质安全的关键。针对上游流域水环境污染、土地利用以及水土流失等重大生态环境问题,结合流域数字高程模型及水质调查对其进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)丹江流域、库区流域及汉中盆地水质较差,CODMn和氨氮成为水源区主要污染物;(2)各子流域区植被覆盖占各自面积的712%~957%,表明流域植被覆盖较好,但沿河岸100 m范围内农业用地占292%~434%,且多为坡耕地;(3)流域水土流失严重,2000年左右流域侵蚀图显示汉江源头、秦岭南及大巴山北均出现了大片年均侵蚀模数>2 200 t/km2的区域,且有日益增强的趋势。提出加大水环境污染整治力度、加强农业用肥管理及河岸带建设、水土保持建设以及加强流域水环境及水土保持监测和科研工作等对策。 相似文献
208.
Alison H. Purcell David W. Bressler Michael J. Paul Michael T. Barbour Ed T. Rankin James L. Carter Vincent H. Resh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(2):306-319
Abstract: Biological indicators, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates, are widely used and effective measures of the impact of urbanization on stream ecosystems. A multimetric biological index of urbanization was developed using a large benthic macroinvertebrate dataset (n = 1,835) from the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area and then validated with datasets from Cleveland, Ohio (n = 79); San Jose, California (n = 85); and a different subset of the Baltimore data (n = 85). The biological metrics used to develop the multimetric index were selected using several criteria and were required to represent ecological attributes of macroinvertebrate assemblages including taxonomic composition and richness (number of taxa in the insect orders of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), functional feeding group (number of taxa designated as filterers), and habit (percent of individuals which cling to the substrate). Quantile regression was used to select metrics and characterize the relationship between the final biological index and an urban gradient (composed of population density, road density, and urban land use). Although more complex biological indices exist, this simplified multimetric index showed a consistent relationship between biological indicators and urban conditions (as measured by quantile regression) in three climatic regions of the United States and can serve as an assessment tool for environmental managers to prioritize urban stream sites for restoration and protection. 相似文献
209.
Paul E. Todhunter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(5):1263-1278
ABSTRACT: The flood hydroclimatology of the Grand Forks flood of April 1997, the most costly flood on a per capita basis for a major metropolitan area in United States history, is analyzed in terms of the natural processes that control spring snowmelt flooding in the region. The geomorphological characteristics of the basin are reviewed, and an integrated assessment of the hydroclimatological conditions during the winter of 1996 to 1997 is presented to gain a real‐world understanding of the physical basis of this catastrophic flood event. The Grand Forks flood resulted from the principal flood‐producing factors occurring at either historic or extreme levels, or at levels conducive to severe flooding. Above normal fall precipitation increased the fall soil moisture storage and reduced the spring soil moisture storage potential. A concrete frost layer developed that effectively reduced the soil infiltration capacity to zero. Record snowfall totals and snow cover depths occurred across the basin because of the unusual persistence of a blocking high circulation pattern throughout the winter. A severe, late spring blizzard delayed the snowmelt season and replenished the snow cover to record levels for early April. This blizzard was followed by a sudden transition to an extreme late season thaw due to the abrupt breakdown of the blocking circulation pattern. The presence of river ice contributed to backwater effects and affected the timing of tributary inflows to the main stem of the Red River. Only the absence of spring rains prevented an even more catastrophic flood disaster from taking place. This paper contributes to our understanding of the flood hydroclimatology of catastrophic flood events in an unusual flood hazard region that possesses relatively flat terrain, a north‐flowing river, and an annual peak discharge time series dominated by spring snowmelt floods. 相似文献
210.
Huanyu Chang Yong Zhao Qingming Wang Jianhua Wang Haihong Li Jiaqi Zhai Jingyan Han Shan Jiang 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(2):230-246
Since its implementation in 2015, the Middle Route of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion Project (MR‐SNWDP) has transferred an average of 45 billion cubic meters of surface water per year from the Yangtze River in southern China to the Yellow River and Hai River Basin in northern China, but how that supply is able to cope with droughts under different scenarios has not been explored. In this study, using the water demand for 2020 as the guaranteed water target, a Water Evaluation and Planning system was used to simulate available water supplies in Beijing under different drought scenarios. In the case of a single‐year drought, without the MR‐SNWDP, Beijing’s water shortage ratio was 16.7%; with the MR‐SNWDP, this ratio reduced to 7.3%. In the case of a multi‐year drought, without the MR‐SNWDP, Beijing’s water shortage ratio was 25.3%; with the MR‐SNWDP, this ratio reduced to 7.4% and domestic water supply was improved. Our research suggests that to prepare for multi‐year drought in the Beijing area, the SNWDP supports increased supplies to the region that would mitigate drought effects. This study is, however, mostly focused on water supply provision to Beijing and does not comprehensively evaluate other potential impacts. Multiple additional avenues could be pursued that include replenishing groundwater, increasing reservoir storage, and water conservation methods. Further research is needed to explore the relative costs and benefits of these approaches. 相似文献