2008~2011年夏季京津冀区域背景大气污染变化分析

2008～2011年夏季京津冀区域大气背景兴隆站大气污染观测结果表明,4 a夏季NOx的平均浓度分别为(9.1±5.1)、(5.9±2.6)、(12.2±4.6)、(14.1±5.0)μg·m-3,O3日小时最大浓度平均分别为(163.3±42.7)、(175.2±48.8)、(199.6±52.6)、(207.2±62.1)μg·m-3,PM2.5的平均浓度分别为(59.8±44.6)、(44.4±28.0)、(58.1±34.2)、(52.5±36.7)μg·m-3;其中,2010年污染物上升的幅度最大,NOx、O3、PM2.5平均浓度比2009年分别上升了106%、14%、31%.2010年京津冀地区机动车保有量的激增以及工业的快速发展,使得京津冀地区背景大气污染物浓度显著上升.区域大气氧化性同样显著升高,2010年Ox比2009年上升了20%,达到(155.3±40.2)μg·m-3,区域高浓度臭氧与高浓度细粒子大气复合污染正在进一步加剧.     

Monitoring the progress of attempts to reduce nutrient load and inputs of certain compounds in the north sea by 50%

During the winter period an inverse linear relation is found between the concentration of dissolved nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and salinity in the Dutch coastal zone. This indicates a conservative behavior of these compounds from the river, through the estuary to the sea. During summer this relation is much more scattered because of biological processes. The physical and statistical properties of the relationship between salinity and the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen are used to calculate when, where, and how many samples have to be taken in order to monitor a reduction of a compound accurately. It appeared that at any given salinity in the estuary and in the sea, the winter period is the most suitable season to detect a reduction of a given dissolved compound. The higher the salinity in the estuary, the more samples are required to prove the reduction significantly. A reduction of only 10% cannot even be demonstrated by field measurements during summer at salinities above 25. It is concluded that one cruise from the river to the sea, covering the salinities from 0 to 35 during the winter period, aimed at establishing the relationship between the concentration and salinity by taking samples at a salinity interval of for instance 1%, is sufficient to monitor a wide-ranging reduction of 10%–50% in both the fresh water and marine water. This program must be combined with a sampling at a salinity of 0, directed to determine the riverine temporal variability.     

华北地区主要农业灾害及灾情分析

本文分析了华北地区农业灾害发生的气象背景,并利用1981～1990年的农业统计资料分析了华北地区的农业灾情状况及因灾而造成的粮、棉损失量。华北地区单位耕地面积的受灾率及成灾率分别为47.3%和23.0%,大致相当于二年一遇灾和四年一成灾。华北地区因农业灾害而造成的粮、棉损失量平均每年为397.0和34.5万吨,粮、棉损失率分别为4.9%及15.3%。     

中国华北区域城市间污染物输送研究

通过对华北地区城市间大气污染监测资料分析发现,城市之间存在着大气污染的相互影响和输送问题,大气污染是一个区域性的环境问题。治理和改善北京地区的大气环境,需要考虑周边地区影响,并实施综合性的污染控制和治理对策。使用二维欧拉统计模式,以SO2,SO42-,PM₁₀为模拟对象,模拟其远距离输送和沉降过程。对2002年的区域空气污染状况进行了模拟,模拟区域包括了所要研究的北京市、天津市、河北省等地区。利用实测资料对模式计算结果的检验显示,二者的相关系数平均为0 55。对资料的综合分析表明,北京大气环境中20%的PM₁₀及23%左右的SO2都是来自北京周边地区。      

广东沿海牡蛎Cd含量的地理分布和时间变化

１９８９￣１９９３年对广东沿岸海域１４个观察站的牡蛎Ｃｄ含量进行了监测。结果表明，广东沿海牡蛎Ｃｄ含量存在着明显的地理差异，牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的地理分布基本上如实地反映了广东沿岸海域环境中Ｃｄ的地理分布状况；牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的季节变化明显，高值出现在秋季，低值出现在春季，牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的季节变化在很大程度上受控于牡蛎自身的生物条件；个别观察站牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的年际变化较大，但就整个广东沿海来说牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的年限变     

天山北坡经济带城市NO2污染的时空分布特征

基于2015—2020年近地面NO₂质量浓度数据和2019年哨兵-5P TROPOMI卫星探测的对流层NO₂柱浓度数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析等方法探究新疆天山北坡经济带6个城市NO₂污染的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）从年均值来看,天山北坡经济带NO₂质量浓度总体呈下降趋势,尤其2018—2020年下降明显。其中乌鲁木齐NO₂质量浓度值最高、博乐最低。（2）从季度均值和月均值来看,各城市NO₂质量浓度季节变化明显,其中夏季最低、冬季最高;月均值呈“中间低、两头高”的变化特征。（3）从日均值来看,各城市NO₂质量浓度大多呈现双峰型分布,分别出现在早上10:00和晚上23:00。（4）从空间分布来看,NO₂柱浓度高值区多分布在人口密集和工业发达的城市地区,尤其是乌鲁木齐、昌吉、五家渠、石河子污染最为严重。     

华北平原的水土资源平衡研究

采用精确的水土资源平衡计算模型 ,辅以田间观测资料 ,分析计算了华北平原农业水资源量与作物需水量之间的平衡问题。结果显示 :在充分供水的条件下 ,本区农田 (884.8万hm₂)需水量为744.36亿m3,相应的作物亏水量为309.37亿m3,有效灌溉面积 (653.2万hm₂)上的亏水量为228.73亿m3;而1995年水利工程提供的农业总用水量已达261.78亿m3,但仍有116.16亿m3的亏水量 ;文中同时对评价区内农田的有效降水量、灌溉水的田间利用量、毛管上升水量等进行估算。指出 ,虽然冬小麦的平均水分满足率为82 % ,但关键期的水分满足率 (64 % )仍然制约粮食产量的增长 ,设想通过提高渠系利用系数和优化灌溉等措施 ,华北平原的农业可望达到水土资源平衡利用的状态     

Palaeorunoff estimations achieved from palaeoclimatic information for the southwest part of the North China Plain: an attempt to apply a climatological approach to palaeohydrology

Palaeoclimatic scenario projecting annual temperature and annual precipitation is firstly formalized with data available and speculations for the southwest part of the North China Plain (35- 37°N, 115-119°E) during the last 25000 years. Then, with three regression equations relating annual runoff to annual precipitation and derived with data of modern hydrological and meteorological records, values of annual runoff are calculated in terms of the corresponding values of annual precipitation from this palaeoclimatic scenario for this region during this temporal interval. These results indicate that runoff is the most during 8000-3000a B.P. and the least during 25000-12000 a B. P.; runoff occurring during 12000-8000 a B.P. and during 3000-0 a B.P. is less than the one occurring during 8000-3000 a B.P. and more than the one occurring during 25000-12000 a B. P.; and the runoff occurring during 25000-12000 a B. P., 12000-8000 a B. P., and 3000-0 a B.P. is respectively 43, 46 and 66 percent of the one occurring during 8000-3000 a B.P. Values of bankfull discharge for palaeochannels of the Yellow River flowing in this region during the same interval are calculated from available estimates of slope of stream-bed of these palaeochannels with a regression equation relating bankfull discharge to slope of stream-bed and ratios of bankfull-discharge are further calculated from these values for different groups of palaeochannel formed during different time spans embraced in this interval. To conduct a cross-check, these values and ratios of bankfull-discharge are compared to the corresponding values and ratios of runoff occurring during roughly the same time spans. The same direction and similar relative magnitude of changes of the surface water occurring in this region during the last 25000 years are indicated by these comparisons.     

藏北草地地上生物量及遥感监测模型研究

草地退化已成为藏北地区面临的主要生态环境问题。为了定量监测草地生物量和退化草地的生物量动态变化,利用2004 年8—9 月藏北地区草地地上生物量最大时期的地面实测数据,分析了其地上生物量大小和空间分布特征,在此基础上,结合同期的Terra MODIS植被指数数据,建立了草地地上生物量的遥感监测和估算模型。主要结论如下:①由于受高寒气候、土壤、水分等环境因素的限制,8—9 月藏北地区平均草地地上生物量较小,为96.88g/m²,其中绿色鲜草的比重在80%以上;不同区域不同草地类型地上生物量差异很大,范围在37.10~589.12 g/m²,平均而言,高寒沼泽化草甸的地上生物量最大,达356.84 g/m²,其次是温性草原(64.48 g/m²)和高寒草甸(61.61 g/m²),高寒草原草地最低,为48.87 g/m²;②基于MODIS NDVI的合成、生长型、指数函数、逻辑斯谛等4 个模型是估算藏北草地地上生物量的最优模型;③生物量的空间分布呈东南向西北减少态势,东南部部分地段在100 g/m²以上,西北部则在20 g/m²以下。     

强降雨对北运河流域沙河水库水质的影响

随着北运河点源污染逐步得到有效治理,汛期面源污染成为北运河水质不达标的主要影响因素,而现阶段有关强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究尚匮乏.本文以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,开展了单场强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究.在强降雨后(降雨量达53.8 mm?d-1)开展连续6d跟踪采样,并对比强降雨前后该库区的水质监测数据,...